Mumps vaccine

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Mumps vaccine
MMR vaccine.jpg
MMR vaccine contains protection against mumps
Vaccine description
Target Mumps
Vaccine type Attenuated
Clinical data
MedlinePlus a601176
ATC code
Identifiers
ChemSpider
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Mumps vaccines are vaccines which prevent mumps. [1] When given to a majority of the population they decrease complications at the population level. [1] Effectiveness when 90% of a population is vaccinated is estimated at 85%. [2] Two doses are required for long term prevention. [1] The initial dose is recommended between 12 and 18 months of age. [1] The second dose is then typically given between two years and six years of age. [1] Usage after exposure in those not already immune may be useful. [3]

Contents

Side effects are generally mild. [1] [3] It may cause mild pain and swelling at the site of injection and mild fever. [1] More significant side effects are rare. [1] Evidence is insufficient to link the vaccine to complications such as neurological effects. [3] The vaccine should not be given to people who are pregnant or have very poor immune system function. [1] Poor outcomes among children of mothers who received the vaccine during pregnancy, however, have not been documented. [1] [3] Even though the vaccine is developed in chicken cells, it is generally safe to give to those with egg allergies. [3]

Most of the developed world and many countries in the developing world include it in their immunization programs often in combination with measles and rubella vaccine known as MMR. [1] A formulation with the previous three and the varicella (chickenpox) vaccine known as MMRV is also available. [3] As of 2005, 110 countries provided the vaccine as part of their immunization programs. [1] In areas where widespread vaccination is carried out it has resulted in a more than 90% decline in rates of disease. [1] Almost half a billion doses of one variety of the vaccine has been given. [1]


History

In the mid-twentieth century, mumps infections among children were not viewed as a serious public health issue, but adult men may develop debilitating testicular inflammation, which posed particular difficulty among close-quartered soldiers during wartime. As a result, during World War II (1939-1945), the United States government targeted mumps for scientific research. [4] The first experimental mumps vaccine was licensed in 1948; developed from inactivated virus, it only had short-term effectiveness. [3]

Improved vaccines became commercially available in the 1960s. [1] In 1963, Maurice Hilleman of Merck & Co. took samples of the mumps virus from his daughter, who had contracted the disease; she became the namesake for the resulting Jeryl Lynn strain. [4] [5] Building on then-recent advances that had led to vaccines for polio and measles, the mumps virus strains were developed in embryonic hens' eggs and chick embryo cell cultures. [4] The resulting strains of virus were less well-suited for human cells, and are thus said to be attenuated. They are sometimes referred to as neuroattenuated in the sense that these strains are less virulent to human neurons than the wild strains. [6] [7]

Hilleman's work led to the first effective mumps vaccine, called Mumpsvax. Licensed in 1967, its four-year development set a record for fastest development of a new vaccine, [4] a record later surpassed by the COVID-19 vaccine, which was developed in less than a year. [8]

Vaccination against mumps did not become routine until Mumpsvax was included in Merck's combined MMR vaccine, which targeted measles and rubella along with mumps. [4] [2] [9] MMR was licensed in 1971, and 40 percent of American children had received the combined vaccine by 1974. In 1977, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended mumps immunization (as part of MMR) for all children over 12 months of age, and in 1998, CDC began recommending a two-dose immunization of MMR. [4]

Types

While the initial vaccine in the 1940s was based on inactivated virus, subsequent preparations since the 1960s consist of live virus that has been weakened. [1] Mumps vaccine is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [10] [11] There are a number of different types in use as of 2007. [1]

Mumpsvax is Merck's brand of Jeryl Lynn strain vaccines. [12] [13] It is a component of Merck's three-virus MMR vaccine, and is the mumps vaccine standard in the United States. [14] Mumpsvax is given by a subcutaneous injection of live virus reconstituted from freeze-dried (lyophilized) vaccine. [13] Production of Mumpsvax as a stand-alone product ceased in 2009. [15] [16]

The cells used in culture, virus stocks used, and animal fluids are all screened for extraneous material as part of the vaccine production. They are grown in Medium 199 (a solution containing buffered salt, vitamins, amino acids, fetal bovine serum) with SPGA (sucrose, phosphate, glutamate, human serum albumin) and neomycin. The human albumin processing uses the Cohn cold ethanol fractionation method. [13]

Other types

Illegal importation of ineffective version into the UK

Monovalent mumps vaccine (Mumpsvax) remained available in the US when MMR was introduced in the UK, replacing the MR (measles and rubella) mixed vaccine. No UK-licensed monovalent preparation was ever available. [20] Monovalent mumps vaccines were available before MMR, but only used on a limited scale. [21] [22] This became the subject of considerable argument at the end of the 20th century, since some parents preferred to obtain individually the components of the MMR mixture. One mumps vaccine preparation imported into the United Kingdom and unlicensed, proved to be essentially ineffective. [23] Immunisation against mumps in the UK became routine in 1988, commencing with MMR. The Aventis-Pasteur "MMR-2" brand is usual in the UK in 2006[ citation needed ].

Storage and stability

The cold chain is a major consideration in vaccination, particularly in less-developed countries. Mumps vaccines are normally refrigerated, but have a long half-life of 65 days at 23 degrees Celsius. [17]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaccine</span> Pathogen-derived preparation that provides acquired immunity to an infectious disease

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and recognize further and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Measles</span> Viral disease affecting humans

Measles is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable infectious disease caused by measles virus. Symptoms usually develop 10–12 days after exposure to an infected person and last 7–10 days. Initial symptoms typically include fever, often greater than 40 °C (104 °F), cough, runny nose, and inflamed eyes. Small white spots known as Koplik's spots may form inside the mouth two or three days after the start of symptoms. A red, flat rash which usually starts on the face and then spreads to the rest of the body typically begins three to five days after the start of symptoms. Common complications include diarrhea, middle ear infection (7%), and pneumonia (6%). These occur in part due to measles-induced immunosuppression. Less commonly seizures, blindness, or inflammation of the brain may occur. Other names include morbilli, rubeola, red measles, and English measles. Both rubella, also known as German measles, and roseola are different diseases caused by unrelated viruses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mumps</span> Human disease caused by paramyxovirus

Mumps is a viral disease caused by the mumps virus. Initial symptoms of mumps are non-specific and include fever, headache, malaise, muscle pain, and loss of appetite. These symptoms are usually followed by painful swelling of the parotid glands, called parotitis, which is the most common symptom of a mumps infection. Symptoms typically occur 16 to 18 days after exposure to the virus and resolve within two weeks. About one third of infections are asymptomatic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MMR vaccine</span> Any of several combined vaccines against measles, mumps, and rubella

The MMR vaccine is a vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella, abbreviated as MMR. The first dose is generally given to children around 9 months to 15 months of age, with a second dose at 15 months to 6 years of age, with at least four weeks between the doses. After two doses, 97% of people are protected against measles, 88% against mumps, and at least 97% against rubella. The vaccine is also recommended for those who do not have evidence of immunity, those with well-controlled HIV/AIDS, and within 72 hours of exposure to measles among those who are incompletely immunized. It is given by injection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rubella</span> Human viral disease

Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus. This disease is often mild, with half of people not realizing that they are infected. A rash may start around two weeks after exposure and last for three days. It usually starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body. The rash is sometimes itchy and is not as bright as that of measles. Swollen lymph nodes are common and may last a few weeks. A fever, sore throat, and fatigue may also occur. Joint pain is common in adults. Complications may include bleeding problems, testicular swelling, encephalitis, and inflammation of nerves. Infection during early pregnancy may result in a miscarriage or a child born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Symptoms of CRS manifest as problems with the eyes such as cataracts, deafness, as well as affecting the heart and brain. Problems are rare after the 20th week of pregnancy.

The Hong Kong flu, also known as the 1968 flu pandemic, was a flu pandemic whose outbreak in 1968 and 1969 killed between one and four million people globally. It is among the deadliest pandemics in history, and was caused by an H3N2 strain of the influenza A virus. The virus was descended from H2N2 through antigenic shift, a genetic process in which genes from multiple subtypes are reassorted to form a new virus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maurice Hilleman</span> American vaccinologist (1919–2005)

Maurice Ralph Hilleman was a leading American microbiologist who specialized in vaccinology and developed over 40 vaccines, an unparalleled record of productivity. According to one estimate, his vaccines save nearly eight million lives each year. He has been described as one of the most influential vaccinologists ever. He has been called the "father of modern vaccines". Robert Gallo called Hilleman "the most successful vaccinologist in history". He has been noted by some researchers as having saved more lives than any other scientist in the 20th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Childhood immunizations in the United States</span>

The schedule for childhood immunizations in the United States is published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The vaccination schedule is broken down by age: birth to six years of age, seven to eighteen, and adults nineteen and older. Childhood immunizations are key in preventing diseases with epidemic potential.

The MMRV vaccine combines the attenuated virus MMR vaccine with the addition of the varicella (chickenpox) vaccine. The MMRV vaccine is typically given to children between one and two years of age.

Jeryl Lynn are strains of mumps virus used in the Mumpsvax mumps vaccine made by Merck. The strains are named after Jeryl Lynn Hilleman. In 1963, Jeryl's father, Maurice Hilleman, was leading efforts to produce a mumps vaccine for Merck. He cultured the mumps virus from her throat, and in 1967 a vaccine was produced which is now widely used.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Varicella vaccine</span> Vaccine to prevent chickenpox

Varicella vaccine, also known as chickenpox vaccine, is a vaccine that protects against chickenpox. One dose of vaccine prevents 95% of moderate disease and 100% of severe disease. Two doses of vaccine are more effective than one. If given to those who are not immune within five days of exposure to chickenpox it prevents most cases of disease. Vaccinating a large portion of the population also protects those who are not vaccinated. It is given by injection just under the skin. Another vaccine, known as zoster vaccine, is used to prevent diseases caused by the same virus – the varicella zoster virus.

An attenuated vaccine is a vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable. Attenuation takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent. These vaccines contrast to those produced by "killing" the pathogen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hepatitis B vaccine</span> Vaccine against hepatitis B

Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis B. The first dose is recommended within 24 hours of birth with either two or three more doses given after that. This includes those with poor immune function such as from HIV/AIDS and those born premature. It is also recommended that health-care workers be vaccinated. In healthy people, routine immunization results in more than 95% of people being protected.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hepatitis A vaccine</span> Vaccine to prevent hepatitis A

Hepatitis A vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis A. It is effective in around 95% of cases and lasts for at least twenty years and possibly a person's entire life. If given, two doses are recommended beginning after the age of one. It is given by injection into a muscle. The first hepatitis A vaccine was approved in Europe in 1991, and the United States in 1995. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Claims of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism have been extensively investigated and found to be false. The link was first suggested in the early 1990s and came to public notice largely as a result of the 1998 Lancet MMR autism fraud, characterised as "perhaps the most damaging medical hoax of the last 100 years". The fraudulent research paper authored by Andrew Wakefield and published in The Lancet falsely claimed the vaccine was linked to colitis and autism spectrum disorders. The paper was retracted in 2010 but is still cited by anti-vaxxers.

The rotavirus vaccine is a vaccine used to protect against rotavirus infections, which are the leading cause of severe diarrhea among young children. The vaccines prevent 15–34% of severe diarrhea in the developing world and 37–96% of the risk of death among young children due to severe diarrhea. Immunizing babies decreases rates of disease among older people and those who have not been immunized.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Measles vaccine</span> Vaccine used to prevent measles

Measles vaccine protects against becoming infected with measles. Nearly all of those who do not develop immunity after a single dose develop it after a second dose. When rate of vaccination within a population is greater than 92%, outbreaks of measles typically no longer occur; however, they may occur again if the rate of vaccination decrease. The vaccine's effectiveness lasts many years. It is unclear if it becomes less effective over time. The vaccine may also protect against measles if given within a couple of days after exposure to measles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rubella vaccine</span> Vaccine used to prevent rubella

Rubella vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent rubella. Effectiveness begins about two weeks after a single dose and around 95% of people become immune. Countries with high rates of immunization no longer see cases of rubella or congenital rubella syndrome. When there is a low level of childhood immunization in a population it is possible for rates of congenital rubella to increase as more women make it to child-bearing age without either vaccination or exposure to the disease. Therefore, it is important for more than 80% of people to be vaccinated. By introducing rubella containing vaccines, rubella has been eradicated in 81 nations, as of mid-2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Japanese encephalitis vaccine</span>

Japanese encephalitis vaccine is a vaccine that protects against Japanese encephalitis. The vaccines are more than 90% effective. The duration of protection with the vaccine is not clear but its effectiveness appears to decrease over time. Doses are given either by injection into a muscle or just under the skin.

In early months of 2019, a measles outbreak occurred in the Portland metropolitan area, including the Clark County, Washington suburbs, in the United States. At the time, the outbreak was the largest outbreak in more than two decades; outbreaks in 2019 in areas including Brooklyn and Rockland County, New York have since seen far greater numbers of cases.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 World Health Organization (February 2007). "Mumps virus vaccines". Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire. 82 (7): 51–60. hdl:10665/240868. PMID   17304707.
  2. 1 2 3 Hviid A, Rubin S, Mühlemann K (March 2008). "Mumps". Lancet. 371 (9616): 932–944. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60419-5. PMID   18342688. S2CID   208793825.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Atkinson W (May 2012). Mumps Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (12 ed.). Public Health Foundation. pp. Chapter 14. ISBN   9780983263135. Archived from the original on 6 July 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Roos D. "How a New Vaccine Was Developed in Record Time in the 1960s". HISTORY. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  5. ↑ Young ML, Dickstein B, Weibel RE, Stokes J, Buynak EB, Hilleman MR (November 1967). "Experiences with Jeryl Lynn strain live attenuated mumps virus vaccine in a pediatric outpatient clinic". Pediatrics. American Academy of Pediatrics. 40 (5): 798–803. doi:10.1542/peds.40.5.798. PMID   6075651. S2CID   35878536.
  6. ↑ "Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals". World Health Organization. 2003. Archived from the original on 15 April 2006.
  7. ↑ Rubin SA, Amexis G, Pletnikov M, Li Z, Vanderzanden J, Mauldin J, et al. (November 2003). "Changes in mumps virus gene sequence associated with variability in neurovirulent phenotype". Journal of Virology. 77 (21): 11616–11624. doi:10.1128/JVI.77.21.11616-11624.2003. PMC   229304 . PMID   14557647.
  8. ↑ Cohen S (10 December 2020). "The fastest vaccine in history". UCLA Health . Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  9. ↑ Kowalzik F, Faber J, Knuf M (August 2018). "MMR and MMRV vaccines". Vaccine. 36 (36): 5402–5407. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.051. PMID   28757060. S2CID   41538500.
  10. ↑ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl: 10665/325771 . WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  11. ↑ World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl: 10665/345533 . WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
  12. ↑ Hilleman MR, Buynak EB, Weibel RE, Stokes J (February 1968). "Live, attenuated mumps-virus vaccine". The New England Journal of Medicine. 278 (5): 227–232. doi:10.1056/NEJM196802012780501. PMID   4169706.
  13. 1 2 3 Merck Co. (1999). "MUMPSVAX (Mumps Virus Vaccine Live) Jeryl Lynn Strain" (PDF). Merck Co. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2006.
  14. ↑ Merck Co. (1999). "M-M-R II (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Virus Vaccine Live)" (PDF). Merck Co.
  15. ↑ "Vaccines: Vac-Gen/Shortages/MMR single dose vaccine shortage questions". www.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009.
  16. ↑ Smith R (24 November 2009). "Single mumps vaccine production stops". The Telegraph. London: Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  17. 1 2 3 4 "Immunizations, Vaccines and Biologicals - The Mumps Vaccine". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 23 April 2006.
  18. ↑ "MMR Vaccine". Pediatric Oncall. 7 January 2006. Archived from the original on 30 April 2007.
  19. ↑ "Eurosurveillance report on Portugal outbreak". Archived from the original on 7 September 2005.
  20. ↑ Smith R (24 November 2009). "Single mumps vaccine production stops". Telegraph. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  21. ↑ Donaldson RJ, Donaldson LJ (6 December 2012). "Origin of diseases and their prevention". Essential Community Medicine: (including relevant social services). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN   978-94-011-6249-4.
  22. ↑ Forsey T (July 1994). "Mumps vaccines--current status". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 41 (1): 1–2. doi: 10.1099/00222615-41-1-1 . PMID   8006938.
  23. ↑ Pavivac ineffective. CMO's letter HSSMD33-02::Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Nov. 2002

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