Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine

Last updated

Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine
Ockovaci sada FSME-IMMUN.jpg
FSME-Immun (European TBE vaccine)
Vaccine description
Target Tick-borne encephalitis virus
Vaccine type Inactivated
Clinical data
Trade names Encepur N, FSME-Immun CC, Ticovac, others
Routes of
administration 		Intramuscular
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
CAS Number
DrugBank
ChemSpider
  • none
KEGG
 X mark.svgNYes check.svgY  (what is this?)    (verify)

Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). [4] The disease is most common in Central and Eastern Europe, and Northern Asia. [4] More than 87% of people who receive the vaccine develop immunity. [5] It is not useful following the bite of an infected tick. [4] It is given by injection into a muscle. [4]

Contents

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends immunizing all people in areas where the disease is common. [4] Otherwise the vaccine is just recommended for those who are at high risk. [4] Three doses are recommended followed by additional doses every three to five years. [4] The vaccines can be used in people more than one or three years of age depending on the formulation. [4] The vaccine appears to be safe during pregnancy. [4]

Serious side effects are very uncommon. [4] Minor side effects may include fever, and redness and pain at the site of injection. [4] Older formulations were more commonly associated with side effects. [4]

The first vaccine against TBE was developed in 1937. [4] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [6] [7] The vaccine was approved for medical use in the United States in August 2021. [2] [3] [8] [9]

Medical uses

In the United States, tick-borne encephalitis vaccine is indicated for active immunization to prevent tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in individuals one year of age and older. [2]

The efficacy of these vaccines has been well documented. [4] They have also been shown to protect mice from a lethal challenge with several TBE-virus isolates obtained over a period of more than 30 years from all over Europe and the Asian part of the former Soviet Union. In addition, it has been demonstrated that antibodies induced by vaccination of human volunteers neutralized all tested isolates.

Pregnancy and breastfeeding

The vaccine appears to be safe during pregnancy, [4] but because of insufficient data the vaccine is only recommended during pregnancy and breastfeeding when it is considered urgent to achieve protection against TBE infection and after careful consideration of risks versus benefits. [10]

Schedule

Two to three doses are recommended depending on the formulation. Typically one to three months should occur between the first doses followed by five to twelve months before the final dose. Additional doses are then recommended every three to five years. [4] A study from 2006 suggests that the FSME-Immun/Ticovac and Encepur are interchangeable for booster vaccination, but cautions against change during the primary immunization course. [11]

History

The first vaccine against TBE was prepared in 1937 in the brains of mice.[ citation needed ] Some 20 years later TBE vaccines derived from cell cultures (chicken embryo fibroblast cells) were developed and used for active immunization in humans in the former Soviet Union.[ citation needed ] Later, a purified, inactivated virus vaccine was developed which proved to be more immunogenic than previous TBE vaccines. [12]

Society and culture

Economics

Per dose it costs between £50 and £70 in the United Kingdom. [13]

Brand names

Brand names of the vaccines include Encepur N, [14] FSME-Immun CC [15] and Ticovac, [1] Encevir-Neo, Klesh-E-Vak.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MMR vaccine</span> Any of several combined vaccines against measles, mumps, and rubella

The MMR vaccine is a vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella, abbreviated as MMR. The first dose is generally given to children around 9 months to 15 months of age, with a second dose at 15 months to 6 years of age, with at least four weeks between the doses. After two doses, 97% of people are protected against measles, 88% against mumps, and at least 97% against rubella. The vaccine is also recommended for those who do not have evidence of immunity, those with well-controlled HIV/AIDS, and within 72 hours of exposure to measles among those who are incompletely immunized. It is given by injection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DPT vaccine</span> Combination vaccine

The DPT vaccine or DTP vaccine is a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in humans: diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. The vaccine components include diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and either killed whole cells of the bacterium that causes pertussis or pertussis antigens. The term toxoid refers to vaccines which use an inactivated toxin produced by the pathogen which they are targeted against to generate an immune response. In this way, the toxoid vaccine generates an immune response which is targeted against the toxin which is produced by the pathogen and causes disease, rather than a vaccine which is targeted against the pathogen itself. The whole cells or antigens will be depicted as either "DTwP" or "DTaP", where the lower-case "w" indicates whole-cell inactivated pertussis and the lower-case "a" stands for "acellular". In comparison to alternative vaccine types, such as live attenuated vaccines, the DTP vaccine does not contain any live pathogen, but rather uses inactivated toxoid to generate an immune response; therefore, there is not a risk of use in populations that are immune compromised since there is not any known risk of causing the disease itself. As a result, the DTP vaccine is considered a safe vaccine to use in anyone and it generates a much more targeted immune response specific for the pathogen of interest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine</span> Pneumonia vaccine

Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, sold under the brand name Pneumovax 23, is a pneumococcal vaccine that is used for the prevention of pneumococcal disease caused by the 23 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae contained in the vaccine as capsular polysaccharides. It is given by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tick-borne encephalitis</span> Medical condition

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infectious disease involving the central nervous system. The disease most often manifests as meningitis, encephalitis or meningoencephalitis. Myelitis and spinal paralysis also occurs. In about one third of cases sequelae, predominantly cognitive dysfunction, persist for a year or more.

The MMRV vaccine combines the attenuated virus MMR vaccine with the addition of the varicella (chickenpox) vaccine. The MMRV vaccine is typically given to children between one and two years of age.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine</span> Vaccine against Strep pneumoniae

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is a pneumococcal vaccine and a conjugate vaccine used to protect infants, young children, and adults against disease caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). It contains purified capsular polysaccharide of pneumococcal serotypes conjugated to a carrier protein to improve antibody response compared to the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of the conjugate vaccine in routine immunizations given to children.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mumps vaccine</span> Vaccine which prevents mumps

Mumps vaccines are vaccines which prevent mumps. When given to a majority of the population they decrease complications at the population level. Effectiveness when 90% of a population is vaccinated is estimated at 85%. Two doses are required for long term prevention. The initial dose is recommended between 12 and 18 months of age. The second dose is then typically given between two years and six years of age. Usage after exposure in those not already immune may be useful.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Varicella vaccine</span> Vaccine to prevent chickenpox

Varicella vaccine, also known as chickenpox vaccine, is a vaccine that protects against chickenpox. One dose of vaccine prevents 95% of moderate disease and 100% of severe disease. Two doses of vaccine are more effective than one. If given to those who are not immune within five days of exposure to chickenpox it prevents most cases of disease. Vaccinating a large portion of the population also protects those who are not vaccinated. It is given by injection just under the skin. Another vaccine, known as zoster vaccine, is used to prevent diseases caused by the same virus – the varicella zoster virus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hepatitis B vaccine</span> Vaccine against hepatitis B

Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis B. The first dose is recommended within 24 hours of birth with either two or three more doses given after that. This includes those with poor immune function such as from HIV/AIDS and those born premature. It is also recommended that health-care workers be vaccinated. In healthy people, routine immunization results in more than 95% of people being protected.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hepatitis A vaccine</span> Vaccine to prevent hepatitis A

Hepatitis A vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis A. It is effective in around 95% of cases and lasts for at least twenty years and possibly a person's entire life. If given, two doses are recommended beginning after the age of one. It is given by injection into a muscle. The first hepatitis A vaccine was approved in Europe in 1991, and the United States in 1995. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rabies vaccine</span> Vaccines to prevent rabies in humans and animals

The rabies vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent rabies. There are several rabies vaccines available that are both safe and effective. Vaccinations must be administered prior to rabies virus exposure or within the latent period after exposure to prevent the disease. Transmission of rabies virus to humans typically occurs through a bite or scratch from an infectious animal, but exposure can occur through indirect contact with the saliva from an infectious individual.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diphtheria vaccine</span> Vaccine against diphtheria

Diphtheria vaccine is a toxoid vaccine against diphtheria, an illness caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Its use has resulted in a more than 90% decrease in number of cases globally between 1980 and 2000. The first dose is recommended at six weeks of age with two additional doses four weeks apart, after which it is about 95% effective during childhood. Three further doses are recommended during childhood. It is unclear if further doses later in life are needed.

Meningococcal vaccine refers to any vaccine used to prevent infection by Neisseria meningitidis. Different versions are effective against some or all of the following types of meningococcus: A, B, C, W-135, and Y. The vaccines are between 85 and 100% effective for at least two years. They result in a decrease in meningitis and sepsis among populations where they are widely used. They are given either by injection into a muscle or just under the skin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Typhoid vaccine</span> Vaccines that prevent typhoid fever

Typhoid vaccines are vaccines that prevent typhoid fever. Several types are widely available: typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), Ty21a and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (ViPS). They are about 30 to 70% effective in the first two years, depending on the specific vaccine in question. The Vi-rEPA vaccine has been shown to be efficacious in children.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Measles vaccine</span> Vaccine used to prevent measles

Measles vaccine protects against becoming infected with measles. Nearly all of those who do not develop immunity after a single dose develop it after a second dose. When rate of vaccination within a population is greater than 92%, outbreaks of measles typically no longer occur; however, they may occur again if the rate of vaccination decrease. The vaccine's effectiveness lasts many years. It is unclear if it becomes less effective over time. The vaccine may also protect against measles if given within a couple of days after exposure to measles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rubella vaccine</span> Vaccine used to prevent rubella

Rubella vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent rubella. Effectiveness begins about two weeks after a single dose and around 95% of people become immune. Countries with high rates of immunization no longer see cases of rubella or congenital rubella syndrome. When there is a low level of childhood immunization in a population it is possible for rates of congenital rubella to increase as more women make it to child-bearing age without either vaccination or exposure to the disease. Therefore, it is important for more than 80% of people to be vaccinated. By introducing rubella containing vaccines, rubella has been eradicated in 81 nations, as of mid-2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow fever vaccine</span> Vaccine that protects against yellow fever

Yellow fever vaccine is a vaccine that protects against yellow fever. Yellow fever is a viral infection that occurs in Africa and South America. Most people begin to develop immunity within ten days of vaccination and 99% are protected within one month, and this appears to be lifelong. The vaccine can be used to control outbreaks of disease. It is given either by injection into a muscle or just under the skin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Japanese encephalitis vaccine</span>

Japanese encephalitis vaccine is a vaccine that protects against Japanese encephalitis. The vaccines are more than 90% effective. The duration of protection with the vaccine is not clear but its effectiveness appears to decrease over time. Doses are given either by injection into a muscle or just under the skin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tetanus vaccine</span> Vaccines used to prevent tetanus

Tetanus vaccine, also known as tetanus toxoid (TT), is a toxoid vaccine used to prevent tetanus. During childhood, five doses are recommended, with a sixth given during adolescence.

Dengue vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent dengue fever in humans. Development of dengue vaccines began in the 1920s, but was hindered by the need to create immunity against all four dengue serotypes. As of 2023, there are two commercially available vaccines, sold under the brand names Dengvaxia and Qdenga.

References

  1. 1 2 "TicoVac 0.5 ml Suspension for injection in a prefilled syringe - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 "Ticovac". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 16 August 2021. STN: 125740. Retrieved 23 August 2021.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. 1 2 "U.S. FDA Approves Ticovac, Pfizer's Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) Vaccine". Pfizer (Press release). Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "Vaccines against tick-borne encephalitis: WHO position paper" (PDF). Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire. 86 (24): 241–256. June 2011. hdl:10665/241769. PMID   21661276.
  5. ↑ Demicheli V, Debalini MG, Rivetti A (January 2009). "Vaccines for preventing tick-borne encephalitis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009 (1): CD000977. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000977.pub2. PMC   6532705 . PMID   19160184.
  6. ↑ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl: 10665/325771 . WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  7. ↑ World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl: 10665/345533 . WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
  8. ↑ "First Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vax Approved in the U.S." 16 August 2021.
  9. ↑ "3: Infectious Diseases Related to Travel". CDC Health Information for International Travel 2016. Oxford University Press. 1 June 2015. ISBN   978-0199379156. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016.
  10. ↑ Gabutti G, Conforti G, Tomasi A, Kuhdari P, Castiglia P, Prato R, et al. (February 2017). "Why, when and for what diseases pregnant and new mothers "should" be vaccinated". Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 13 (2): 283–290. doi:10.1080/21645515.2017.1264773. PMC   5328236 . PMID   27929742.
  11. ↑ Bröker M, Schöndorf I (August 2006). "Are tick-borne encephalitis vaccines interchangeable?". Expert Review of Vaccines. 5 (4): 461–466. doi:10.1586/14760584.5.4.461. PMID   16989626. S2CID   32915267.
  12. ↑ Plentz A, Jilg W, Schwarz TF, Kuhr HB, Zent O (February 2009). "Long-term persistence of tick-borne encephalitis antibodies in adults 5 years after booster vaccination with Encepur Adults". Vaccine. 27 (6): 853–856. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.082. PMID   19071180.
  13. ↑ "Tick-borne encephalitis - Prevention". NHS.uk. 15 October 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  14. ↑ "Encepur N". compendium.ch. 28 April 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  15. ↑ "FSME-Immun CC". compendium.ch. 11 August 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.