Hepatitis A and B vaccine

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Hepatitis A and B vaccine
Twinrix GlaxoSmithKline - i-hepA & r-hepB-S-Ag - doos Terumo-naald spuiten.JPG
Combined hepatitis A and B vaccine (Twinrix)
Combination of
Hepatitis A vaccine Vaccine
Hepatitis B vaccine Vaccine
Clinical data
Trade names Twinrix, Ambirix, others
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  • AU:B2
Routes of
administration 		Intramuscular
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Combined hepatitis A and B vaccine, is used to provide protection against hepatitis A and hepatitis B. [3] [7] It is given by injection into muscle. [8]

Contents

It is used in areas where hepatitis A and B are endemic, for travelers, people with hepatitis C or chronic liver disease, and those at high risk of sexually transmitted diseases. [7]

The combined vaccine is as safe and protective as if given as separate hepatitis A and B vaccines. [7] It is generally well-tolerated. [9] Common side effects are mild and include redness and pain at the injection site, where a small lump may appear. [8] Feeling faint or tired, or a headache may occur. [8] Other side effects include numbness, tingling, rash, bruising, abnormal bleeding such as from the nose or gums, weak muscle or pain. [8] Severe side effects are rare and include an allergic reaction and seizures. [8]

It is widely available. [7]

Administration schedule

Routine Twinrix vaccination is administered by intramuscular injection in the deltoid area using a schedule of three separate doses at 0, 1, and 6 months ([minimum intervals: 4 weeks between doses 1 and 2, 5 months between doses 2 and 3]). [3] [10] In some circumstances, an accelerated dosing schedule of 0, 7 and 21 to 30 days followed by a booster at 12 months can be used and was shown to have similar efficacy as the traditional schedule. [11]

Efficacy

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that clinical trials found the following levels of protection against Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B one month after each dose: [12]

A: 93.8%, 98.8%, 99.9%
B: 30.8%, 78.2%, 98.5%

Availability

Twinrix is a brand manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals. The full generic name is hepatitis A inactivated & hepatitis B (recombinant) vaccine. [13] Twinrix is administered over three doses. The name was created because it is a mixture of two earlier vaccines — Havrix, an inactivated-virus Hepatitis A vaccine, and Engerix-B, a recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine.[ citation needed ] Twinrix first entered the market in early 1997. [14]

In the United States, Twinrix is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for those aged 18 and older. [3] [12] In some countries outside the United States, notably Canada and in the European Union, Twinrix is known as Twinrix Adult or Ambirix and a pediatric formulation, called Twinrix Junior or Twinrix Paediatric, is available. [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [ excessive citations ]

Society and culture

Economics

By being a combination it may reduce administrative costs and achieve a better uptake of the vaccine. [23]

Brand names

Brand names include Twinrix, Twinrix Junior, Twinrix paediatric, Ambirix, [7] and Bilive. [9]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DPT vaccine</span> Combination vaccine

The DPT vaccine or DTP vaccine is a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in humans: diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. The vaccine components include diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and either killed whole cells of the bacterium that causes pertussis or pertussis antigens. The term toxoid refers to vaccines which use an inactivated toxin produced by the pathogen which they are targeted against to generate an immune response. In this way, the toxoid vaccine generates an immune response which is targeted against the toxin which is produced by the pathogen and causes disease, rather than a vaccine which is targeted against the pathogen itself. The whole cells or antigens will be depicted as either "DTwP" or "DTaP", where the lower-case "w" indicates whole-cell inactivated pertussis and the lower-case "a" stands for "acellular". In comparison to alternative vaccine types, such as live attenuated vaccines, the DTP vaccine does not contain any live pathogen, but rather uses inactivated toxoid to generate an immune response; therefore, there is not a risk of use in populations that are immune compromised since there is not any known risk of causing the disease itself. As a result, the DTP vaccine is considered a safe vaccine to use in anyone and it generates a much more targeted immune response specific for the pathogen of interest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Influenza vaccine</span> Vaccine against influenza

Influenza vaccines, colloquially known as flu shots, are vaccines that protect against infection by influenza viruses. New versions of the vaccines are developed twice a year, as the influenza virus rapidly changes. While their effectiveness varies from year to year, most provide modest to high protection against influenza. Vaccination against influenza began in the 1930s, with large-scale availability in the United States beginning in 1945.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaccination schedule</span> Series of vaccinations

A vaccination schedule is a series of vaccinations, including the timing of all doses, which may be either recommended or compulsory, depending on the country of residence. A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or reduce the effects of infection by any natural or "wild" pathogen. Vaccines go through multiple phases of trials to ensure safety and effectiveness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HPV vaccine</span> Class of vaccines against human papillomavirus

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are vaccines that prevent infection by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Available HPV vaccines protect against either two, four, or nine types of HPV. All HPV vaccines protect against at least HPV types 16 and 18, which cause the greatest risk of cervical cancer. It is estimated that HPV vaccines may prevent 70% of cervical cancer, 80% of anal cancer, 60% of vaginal cancer, 40% of vulvar cancer, and show more than 90% efficacy in preventing HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers. They additionally prevent some genital warts, with the quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccines that protect against HPV types HPV-6 and HPV-11 providing greater protection.

The MMRV vaccine combines the attenuated virus MMR vaccine with the addition of the varicella (chickenpox) vaccine. The MMRV vaccine is typically given to children between one and two years of age.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine</span> Vaccine against Strep pneumoniae

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is a pneumococcal vaccine and a conjugate vaccine used to protect infants, young children, and adults against disease caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). It contains purified capsular polysaccharide of pneumococcal serotypes conjugated to a carrier protein to improve antibody response compared to the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of the conjugate vaccine in routine immunizations given to children.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zoster vaccine</span> Vaccine to prevent shingles

A zoster vaccine is a vaccine that reduces the incidence of herpes zoster (shingles), a disease caused by reactivation of the varicella zoster virus, which is also responsible for chickenpox. Shingles provokes a painful rash with blisters, and can be followed by chronic pain, as well as other complications. Older people are more often affected, as are people with weakened immune systems (immunosuppression). Both shingles and postherpetic neuralgia can be prevented by vaccination.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Varicella vaccine</span> Vaccine to prevent chickenpox

Varicella vaccine, also known as chickenpox vaccine, is a vaccine that protects against chickenpox. One dose of vaccine prevents 95% of moderate disease and 100% of severe disease. Two doses of vaccine are more effective than one. If given to those who are not immune within five days of exposure to chickenpox it prevents most cases of disease. Vaccinating a large portion of the population also protects those who are not vaccinated. It is given by injection just under the skin. Another vaccine, known as zoster vaccine, is used to prevent diseases caused by the same virus – the varicella zoster virus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hepatitis B vaccine</span> Vaccine against hepatitis B

Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis B. The first dose is recommended within 24 hours of birth with either two or three more doses given after that. This includes those with poor immune function such as from HIV/AIDS and those born premature. It is also recommended that health-care workers be vaccinated. In healthy people, routine immunization results in more than 95% of people being protected.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hepatitis A vaccine</span> Vaccine to prevent hepatitis A

Hepatitis A vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis A. It is effective in around 95% of cases and lasts for at least twenty years and possibly a person's entire life. If given, two doses are recommended beginning after the age of one. It is given by injection into a muscle. The first hepatitis A vaccine was approved in Europe in 1991, and the United States in 1995. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hib vaccine</span> Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine

The Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine, also known as Hib vaccine, is a vaccine used to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection. In countries that include it as a routine vaccine, rates of severe Hib infections have decreased more than 90%. It has therefore resulted in a decrease in the rate of meningitis, pneumonia, and epiglottitis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diphtheria vaccine</span> Vaccine against diphtheria

Diphtheria vaccine is a toxoid vaccine against diphtheria, an illness caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Its use has resulted in a more than 90% decrease in number of cases globally between 1980 and 2000. The first dose is recommended at six weeks of age with two additional doses four weeks apart, after which it is about 95% effective during childhood. Three further doses are recommended during childhood. It is unclear if further doses later in life are needed.

Meningococcal vaccine refers to any vaccine used to prevent infection by Neisseria meningitidis. Different versions are effective against some or all of the following types of meningococcus: A, B, C, W-135, and Y. The vaccines are between 85 and 100% effective for at least two years. They result in a decrease in meningitis and sepsis among populations where they are widely used. They are given either by injection into a muscle or just under the skin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine</span> Vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis

Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). The disease is most common in Central and Eastern Europe, and Northern Asia. More than 87% of people who receive the vaccine develop immunity. It is not useful following the bite of an infected tick. It is given by injection into a muscle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Measles vaccine</span> Vaccine used to prevent measles

Measles vaccine protects against becoming infected with measles. Nearly all of those who do not develop immunity after a single dose develop it after a second dose. When rate of vaccination within a population is greater than 92%, outbreaks of measles typically no longer occur; however, they may occur again if the rate of vaccination decrease. The vaccine's effectiveness lasts many years. It is unclear if it becomes less effective over time. The vaccine may also protect against measles if given within a couple of days after exposure to measles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tetanus vaccine</span> Vaccines used to prevent tetanus

Tetanus vaccine, also known as tetanus toxoid (TT), is a toxoid vaccine used to prevent tetanus. During childhood, five doses are recommended, with a sixth given during adolescence.

DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine is a combination vaccine whose generic name is diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed, hepatitis B (recombinant) and inactivated polio vaccine or DTaP-IPV-Hep B. It protects against the infectious diseases diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, and hepatitis B.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaccine ingredients</span> Ingredients used in a vaccine dose

A vaccine dose contains many ingredients very little of which is the active ingredient, the immunogen. A single dose may have merely nanograms of virus particles, or micrograms of bacterial polysaccharides. A vaccine injection, oral drops or nasal spray is mostly water. Other ingredients are added to boost the immune response, to ensure safety or help with storage, and a tiny amount of material is left-over from the manufacturing process. Very rarely, these materials can cause an allergic reaction in people who are very sensitive to them.

Live recombinant vaccines are biological preparations that improve immunity through the use of live bacteria or viruses that are genetically modified. These live pathogens are biologically engineered to express exogenous antigens in the cytoplasm of target cells, triggering immune responses as a result. This form of vaccine combines the beneficial features of attenuated and recombinant vaccines, providing the preparation with attenuated vaccines’ long-lasting immunity and recombinant vaccines’ genetically engineered precision and safety.

References

  1. ↑ "Twinrix Adult Vaccine, suspension for injection - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 30 March 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  2. ↑ "Twinrix Paediatric, suspension for injection in pre-filled syringe - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 20 April 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Twinrix (hepatitis a and hepatitis b- recombinant vaccine injection, suspension". DailyMed. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  4. ↑ "Ambirix". European Medicines Agency. 17 September 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  5. ↑ "Twinrix Adult". European Medicines Agency. 17 September 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  6. ↑ "Twinrix Paediatric". European Medicines Agency. 17 September 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 van Damme P (2017). "12. Hepatitis A vaccines". In Vesikari T, van Damme P (eds.). Pediatric Vaccines and Vaccinations: A European Textbook. Switzerland: Springer. p. 107. ISBN   978-3-319-59950-2.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 "Hepatitis A and B vaccine Uses, Side Effects & Warnings". Drugs.com. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  9. 1 2 Zhang L (July 2020). "Hepatitis A vaccination". Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 16 (7): 1565–1573. doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1769389. PMC   7482852 . PMID   32649265.
  10. ↑ "Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule for ages 19 years or older, United States, 2019". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 5 February 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  11. ↑ "Notice to Readers: FDA Approval of an Alternate Dosing Schedule for a Combined Hepatitis A and B Vaccine (Twinrix)" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 12 October 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  12. 1 2 "FDA approval for a combined hepatitis A and B vaccine" (PDF). MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 50 (37): 806–7. September 2001. PMID   11785573.
  13. ↑ "Twinrix". Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 24 April 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  14. ↑ "SB's Twinrix Launched In Its First Market". thepharmaletter.com. 20 January 1997. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  15. ↑ "Twinrix Adult Vaccine SmPC". Datapharm. 8 October 2018.
  16. ↑ "Twinrix Paediatric Vaccine SmPC". Datapharm. 8 October 2018.
  17. ↑ "Ambirix SmPC". Datapharm. 5 November 2018.
  18. ↑ "Hepatitis A Vaccine: Canadian Immunization Guide". Public Health Agency of Canada. 2018-03-13. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  19. ↑ "Twinrix (720/20)". The Australian Immunisation Handbook. 4 June 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  20. ↑ "Twinrix (720/20)". The Australian Immunisation Handbook. August 3, 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  21. ↑ "Twinrix Junior (360/10)". The Australian Immunisation Handbook. 4 June 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  22. ↑ "Twinrix Junior (360/10)". The Australian Immunisation Handbook. August 3, 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  23. ↑ Bakker M, Bunge EM, Marano C, de Ridder M, De Moerlooze L (July 2016). "Immunogenicity, effectiveness and safety of combined hepatitis A and B vaccine: a systematic literature review". Expert Review of Vaccines. 15 (7): 829–851. doi: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1150182 . PMID   26840060. S2CID   3349582.


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