Dengue vaccine

Last updated

Dengue vaccine
Vaccine description
Target Dengue fever
Vaccine type Attenuated
Clinical data
Trade names Dengvaxia, Qdenga
Other namesCYD-TDV
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
License data
Routes of
administration 		Subcutaneous
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only) [1] [2] [3]
  • BR:Approved [4]
  • UK: POM (Prescription only) [5]
  • US:Rx-only (Dengvaxia) [6]
  • EU:Rx-only [7] [8]
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Identifiers
CAS Number
DrugBank
ChemSpider
  • none

Dengue vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent dengue fever in humans. [9] Development of dengue vaccines began in the 1920s, but was hindered by the need to create immunity against all four dengue serotypes. [10] As of 2023, there are two commercially available vaccines, sold under the brand names Dengvaxia and Qdenga. [11] [12]

Contents

Dengvaxia is only recommended in those who have previously had dengue fever or populations in which most people have been previously infected due to phenomenon known as antibody-dependent enhancement. [13] The value of Dengvaxia is limited by the fact that it may increase the risk of severe dengue in those who have not previously been infected. [14] [13] In 2017, more than 733,000 children and more than 50,000 adult volunteers were vaccinated with Dengvaxia regardless of serostatus, which led to a controversy. [15] Qdenga is designated for people not previously infected. [16]

There are other vaccine candidates in development including live attenuated, inactivated, DNA and subunit vaccines. [10]

History

In December 2018, Dengvaxia was approved in the European Union. [7]

In May 2019, Dengvaxia was approved in the United States as the first vaccine approved for the prevention of dengue disease caused by all dengue virus serotypes (1, 2, 3 and 4) in people ages nine through 16 who have laboratory-confirmed previous dengue infection and who live in endemic areas. [17] [6] Dengue is endemic in the US territories of American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands. [17]

The safety and effectiveness of the vaccine was determined in three randomized, placebo-controlled studies involving approximately 35,000 individuals in dengue-endemic areas, including Puerto Rico, Latin America and the Asia Pacific region. [17] The vaccine was determined to be approximately 76 percent effective in preventing symptomatic, laboratory-confirmed dengue disease in individuals 9 through 16 years of age who previously had laboratory-confirmed dengue disease. [17]

In March 2021, the European Medicines Agency accepted the filing package for TAK-003 (Qdenga) intended for markets outside of the EU. [16]

In August 2022, the Indonesian FDA approved Qdenga for use in individuals six years to 45 years of age and become the first authority in the world to approve Qdenga. [18] [19] Qdenga was approved in the European Union in December 2022. [8]

CYD-TDV (Dengvaxia)

CYD-TDV, sold under the brand name Dengvaxia and made by Sanofi Pasteur, is a live attenuated tetravalent vaccine that is administered as three separate injections, with the initial dose followed by two additional shots given six and twelve months later. [17] The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted the application for Dengvaxia priority review designation and a tropical disease priority review voucher. [17] The approval of Dengvaxia was granted to Sanofi Pasteur. [17]

The vaccine has been approved in 19 countries and the European Union, [17] but it is not approved in the US for use in individuals not previously infected by any dengue virus serotype or for whom this information is unknown. [17] [6]

Dengvaxia is a chimeric vaccine made using recombinant DNA technology by replacing the PrM (pre-membrane) and E (envelope) structural genes of the yellow fever attenuated 17D strain vaccine with those from the four dengue serotypes. [20] [21] Evidence indicates that CYD-TDV is partially effective in preventing infection, but may lead to a higher risk of severe disease in those who have not been previously infected and then do go on to contract the disease. It is not clear why the vaccinated seronegative population have more serious adverse outcomes. A plausible hypothesis is the phenomenon of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). [22] American virologist Scott Halstead was one of the first researchers to identify the ADE phenomenon. [23] Dr. Halstead and his colleague Dr. Phillip Russell proposed that the vaccine only be used after antibody testing, to check for prior dengue exposure and avoid vaccination of sero-negative individuals. [24]

Common side effects include headache, pain at the site of injection, and general muscle pains. [9] Severe side effects may include anaphylaxis. [9] Use is not recommended in people with poor immune function. [9] Safety of use during pregnancy is unclear. [9] Dengvaxia is a weakened but live vaccine and works by triggering an immune response against four types of dengue virus. [17] [9]

Dengvaxia became commercially available in 2016 in 11 countries: Mexico, the Philippines, Indonesia, Brazil, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Paraguay, Guatemala, Peru, Thailand, and Singapore. [25] [26] [27] In 2019 it was approved for medical use in the United States. [17] [28] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [29] [30]

In 2017, the manufacturer recommended that the vaccine only be used in people who have previously had a dengue infection, as outcomes may be worsened in those who have not been previously infected due to antibody-dependent enhancement. [31] This led to a controversy in the Philippines where more than 733,000 children and more than 50,000 adult volunteers were vaccinated regardless of serostatus. [15]

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that countries should consider vaccination with the dengue vaccine CYD-TDV only if the risk of severe dengue in seronegative individuals can be minimized either through pre-vaccination screening or recent documentation of high seroprevalence rates in the area (at least 80% by age nine years). [13]

The WHO updated its recommendations regarding the use of Dengvaxia in 2018, based on long-term safety data stratified by serostatus on 29 November 2017. Seronegative vaccine recipients have an excess risk of severe dengue compared to unvaccinated seronegative individuals. For every 13 hospitalizations prevented in seropositive vaccinees, there would be 1 excess hospitalization in seronegative vaccinees per 1,000 vaccinees. WHO recommends serological testing for past dengue infection [32]

In 2017, the manufacturer recommended that the vaccine only be used in people who have previously had a dengue infection as otherwise there was evidence it may worsen subsequent infections. [31] The initial protocol did not require baseline blood samples prior to vaccination in order to establish an understanding of increased risk of severe dengue in participants who had not been previously exposed. In November 2017, Sanofi acknowledged that some participants were put at risk of severe dengue if they had no prior exposure to the infection; subsequently the Philippine government suspended the mass immunization program with the backing of the WHO which began a review of the safety data. [33]

Phase III trials in Latin America and Asia involved over 31,000 children between the ages of two and 14 years. In the first reports from the trials, vaccine efficacy was 56.5% in the Asian study and 64.7% in the Latin American study in patients who received at least one injection of the vaccine. [34] [35] Efficacy varied by serotype. In both trials vaccine reduced by about 80% the number of severe dengue cases. [36] An analysis of both the Latin American and Asian studies at the 3rd year of follow-up showed that the efficacy of the vaccine was 65.6% in preventing hospitalization in children older than nine years of age, but considerably greater (81.9%) for children who were seropositive (indicating previous dengue infection) at baseline. [37] The vaccination series consists of three injections at 0, 6 and 12 months. [21] The vaccine was approved in Mexico, the Philippines, and Brazil in December 2015, and in El Salvador, Costa Rica, Paraguay, Guatemala, Peru, Indonesia, Thailand, and Singapore in 2016. [25] Under the brand name Dengvaxia, it is approved for use for those aged nine years of age and older and can prevent all four serotypes. [38]

TAK-003 (Qdenga)

A carton of Qdenga vials awaiting administration in Brasilia, Brazil Qdenga 10-dose carton.jpg
A carton of Qdenga vials awaiting administration in Brasília, Brazil

TAK-003 or DENVax, sold under the brand name Qdenga and made by Takeda, [18] is a recombinant chimeric attenuated vaccine with DENV1, DENV3, and DENV4 components on a dengue virus type 2 (DENV2) backbone originally developed at Mahidol University in Bangkok and now funded by Inviragen (DENVax) and (TAK-003). [39] [40] Phase I and II trials were conducted in the United States, Colombia, Puerto Rico, Singapore and Thailand. [40] The 18-month data published in the journal Lancet Infectious Diseases, indicate that TAK-003 produced sustained antibody responses against all four virus strains, regardless of previous dengue exposure and dosing schedule. [41]

Data from the phase III trial, which began in September 2016, show that TAK-003 was efficacious against symptomatic dengue. [42] TAK-003 appears to not lack efficacy in seronegative people or potentially cause them harm, unlike CYD-TDV. The data appear to show only moderate efficacy in other dengue serotypes than DENV2. [43]

Qdenga received approval for use in the European Union in 2022 for people aged 4 and above, [44] [45] [46] and is also approved in the United Kingdom, Brazil, Argentina, Indonesia, and Thailand. Takeda voluntarily withdrew their application for the vaccination's approval in the United States in July 2023 after the FDA sought further data from the firm, which the company stated could not be provided during the current review cycle. [46] [47]

In development

TV-003/005

TV-003/005 is a tetravalent admixture of monovalent vaccines, that was developed by NIAID, that were tested separately for safety and immunogenicity. The vaccine passed phase I trials and phase II studies in the US, Thailand, Bangladesh, India, and Brazil. [48]

The National Institutes of Health has conducted phase I and phase II studies in over 1,000 participants in the US. It has also conducted human challenge studies [49] while having conducted NHP model studies successfully. [50]

NIH has licensed their technology for further development and commercial scale manufacturing to Panacea Biotec, [51] Serum Institute of India, [51] Instituto Butantan, [51] Vabiotech, [51] Merck, [52] and Medigen. [53]

In Brazil, phase III studies are being conducted by Instituto Butantan in-collaboration with NIH. Panacea Biotec has conducted phase II clinical studies in India. [54]

A company in Vietnam (Vabiotech) is conducting safety tests and developing a clinical trial plan. [55] All four companies are involved in studies of a TetraVax-DV vaccine in conjunction with the US NIH. [56]

TDENV PIV

TDENV PIV (tetravalent dengue virus purified inactivated vaccine) is undergoing phase I trials as part of a collaboration between GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR). A synergistic formulation with another live attenuated candidate vaccine (prime-boost strategy) is also being evaluated in a phase II study. In prime-boosting, one type of vaccine is followed by a boost with another type in an attempt to improve immunogenicity. [10]

V180

Merck is studying recombinant subunit vaccines expressed in Drosophila cells. As of 2019, it had completed phase I stage and found V180 formulations to be generally well tolerated. [57]

DNA vaccines

In 2011, the Naval Medical Research Center attempted to develop a monovalent DNA plasmid vaccine, but early results showed it to be only moderately immunogenic. [40] [ needs update ]

Society and culture

On 13 October 2022, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Qdenga, intended for prophylaxis against dengue disease. [58] [45] The applicant for this medicinal product is Takeda GmbH. [45] The active substance of Qdenga is dengue tetravalent vaccine (live, attenuated), a viral vaccine containing live attenuated dengue viruses which replicate locally and elicit humoral and cellular immune responses against the four dengue virus serotypes. [45] Qdenga was approved for medical use in the European Union in December 2022. [8] [59] [60]

In February 2023, Qdenga was approved by the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) for people aged four years and older. [61]

In April 2023, the National Administration of Drugs, Food and Medical Technology  [ es ] (ANMAT) gave the green light to the use of the tetravalent vaccine TAK-003 known as Qdenga, developed by the Japanese laboratory Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, making it the only vaccine approved to date. to combat dengue in Argentina. [62] It has been used in the 2024 dengue epidemic. [63]

In July 2023, Takeda withdrew its application for Qdenga before the FDA, citing the FDA's requirement for additional data not captured in the phase III studies. [46] [47]

Economics

In Indonesia, Dengvaxia cost about US$207 for the recommended three doses as of 2016. [27] Indonesia was the first country to approve Qdenga, in late 2022. [64]

Controversies

Philippines

The 2017 dengue vaccine controversy in the Philippines involved a vaccination program run by the Philippines Department of Health (DOH). [26] The DOH vaccinated schoolchildren with Sanofi Pasteur's CYD-TDV (Dengvaxia) dengue vaccine. Some of the children who received the vaccine had never been infected by the dengue virus before. The program was stopped when Sanofi Pasteur advised the government that the vaccine could put previously uninfected people at a somewhat higher risk of a severe case of dengue fever. [31] A political controversy erupted over whether the program was run with sufficient care and who should be held responsible for the alleged harm to the vaccinated children. [33]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dengue fever</span> Mosquito-borne disease

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne disease caused by dengue virus, prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas. It is frequently asymptomatic; if symptoms appear they typically begin 3 to 14 days after infection. These may include a high fever, headache, vomiting, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin itching and skin rash. Recovery generally takes two to seven days. In a small proportion of cases, the disease develops into severe dengue with bleeding, low levels of blood platelets, blood plasma leakage, and dangerously low blood pressure.

This is a timeline of the development of prophylactic human vaccines. Early vaccines may be listed by the first year of development or testing, but later entries usually show the year the vaccine finished trials and became available on the market. Although vaccines exist for the diseases listed below, only smallpox has been eliminated worldwide. The other vaccine-preventable illnesses continue to cause millions of deaths each year. Currently, polio and measles are the targets of active worldwide eradication campaigns.

<i>Dengue virus</i> Species of virus

Dengue virus (DENV) is the cause of dengue fever. It is a mosquito-borne, single positive-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae; genus Flavivirus. Four serotypes of the virus have been found, and a reported fifth has yet to be confirmed, all of which can cause the full spectrum of disease. Nevertheless, the mainstream scientific community's understanding of dengue virus may be simplistic as, rather than distinct antigenic groups, a continuum appears to exist. This same study identified 47 strains of dengue virus. Additionally, coinfection with and lack of rapid tests for Zika virus and chikungunya complicate matters in real-world infections.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Influenza vaccine</span> Vaccine against influenza

Influenza vaccines, colloquially known as flu shots, are vaccines that protect against infection by influenza viruses. New versions of the vaccines are developed twice a year, as the influenza virus rapidly changes. While their effectiveness varies from year to year, most provide modest to high protection against influenza. Vaccination against influenza began in the 1930s, with large-scale availability in the United States beginning in 1945.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Live attenuated influenza vaccine</span> Nasal influenza vaccine

Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is a type of influenza vaccine in the form of a nasal spray that is recommended for the prevention of influenza.

Sanofi Pasteur is the vaccines division of the French multinational pharmaceutical company Sanofi. Sanofi Pasteur is the largest company in the world devoted entirely to vaccines. It is one of four global producers of the yellow fever vaccine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antibody-dependent enhancement</span> Antibodies rarely making an infection worse instead of better

Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), sometimes less precisely called immune enhancement or disease enhancement, is a phenomenon in which binding of a virus to suboptimal antibodies enhances its entry into host cells, followed by its replication. The suboptimal antibodies can result from natural infection or from vaccination. ADE may cause enhanced respiratory disease, but is not limited to respiratory disease. It has been observed in HIV, RSV virus and Dengue virus and is monitored for in vaccine development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hepatitis A vaccine</span> Vaccine to prevent hepatitis A

Hepatitis A vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis A. It is effective in around 95% of cases and lasts for at least twenty years and possibly a person's entire life. If given, two doses are recommended beginning after the age of one. It is given by injection into a muscle. The first hepatitis A vaccine was approved in Europe in 1991, and the United States in 1995. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

The rotavirus vaccine is a vaccine used to protect against rotavirus infections, which are the leading cause of severe diarrhea among young children. The vaccines prevent 15–34% of severe diarrhea in the developing world and 37–96% of the risk of death among young children due to severe diarrhea. Immunizing babies decreases rates of disease among older people and those who have not been immunized.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adenovirus vaccine</span>

An adenovirus vaccine is a vaccine against adenovirus infection. According to American CDC, "There is currently no adenovirus vaccine available to the general public.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ebola vaccine</span> Vaccine against Ebola

Ebola vaccines are vaccines either approved or in development to prevent Ebola. As of 2022, there are only vaccines against the Zaire ebolavirus. The first vaccine to be approved in the United States was rVSV-ZEBOV in December 2019. It had been used extensively in the Kivu Ebola epidemic under a compassionate use protocol. During the early 21st century, several vaccine candidates displayed efficacy to protect nonhuman primates against lethal infection.

A Zika virus vaccine is designed to prevent the symptoms and complications of Zika virus infection in humans. As Zika virus infection of pregnant women may result in congenital defects in the newborn, the vaccine will attempt to protect against congenital Zika syndrome during the current or any future outbreak. As of April 2019, no vaccines have been approved for clinical use, however a number of vaccines are currently in clinical trials. The goal of a Zika virus vaccine is to produce specific antibodies against the Zika virus to prevent infection and severe disease. The challenges in developing a safe and effective vaccine include limiting side effects such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, a potential consequence of Zika virus infection. Additionally, as dengue virus is closely related to Zika virus, the vaccine needs to minimize the possibility of antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus infection.

The Dengvaxia controversy occurred in the Philippines when the dengue vaccine Dengvaxia was found to increase the risk of disease severity for some people who had received it.

A respiratory syncytial virus vaccine, or RSV vaccine, is a vaccine that protects against respiratory syncytial virus. RSV affects an estimated 64 million people and causes 160,000 deaths worldwide each year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scott Halstead</span> American scientist and virologist

Scott Halstead is an American physician-scientist, virologist and epidemiologist known for his work in the fields of tropical medicine and vaccine development. He is considered one of the world's foremost authorities on viruses transmitted by mosquitoes, including Dengue, Japanese encephalitis, chikungunya and Zika. He was one of the first researchers to identify the phenomenon known as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), where the antibodies generated from a first dengue infection can sometimes worsen the symptoms from a second infection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Novavax COVID-19 vaccine</span> Vaccine against COVID-19

The Novavax COVID-19 vaccine, sold under the brand names Nuvaxovid and Covovax, among others, is a subunit COVID-19 vaccine developed by Novavax and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations. It contains a recombinant spike protein from the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant lineage JN.1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Viral vector vaccine</span> Type of vaccine

A viral vector vaccine is a vaccine that uses a viral vector to deliver genetic material (DNA) that can be transcribed by the recipient's host cells as mRNA coding for a desired protein, or antigen, to elicit an immune response. As of April 2021, six viral vector vaccines, four COVID-19 vaccines and two Ebola vaccines, have been authorized for use in humans.

Nirsevimab, sold under the brand name Beyfortus, is a human recombinant monoclonal antibody with activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It is a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F protein‑directed fusion inhibitor that is designed to bind to the fusion protein on the surface of the RSV virus.

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