Timeline of human vaccines

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This is a timeline of the development of prophylactic human vaccines. Early vaccines may be listed by the first year of development or testing, but later entries usually show the year the vaccine finished trials and became available on the market. Although vaccines exist for the diseases listed below, only smallpox has been eliminated worldwide. The other vaccine-preventable illnesses continue to cause millions of deaths each year. [1] Currently, polio and measles are the targets of active worldwide eradication campaigns.

Contents

18th century

19th century

20th century

21st century

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaccination</span> Administration of a vaccine to protect against disease

Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop immunity from a disease. Vaccines contain a microorganism or virus in a weakened, live or killed state, or proteins or toxins from the organism. In stimulating the body's adaptive immunity, they help prevent sickness from an infectious disease. When a sufficiently large percentage of a population has been vaccinated, herd immunity results. Herd immunity protects those who may be immunocompromised and cannot get a vaccine because even a weakened version would harm them. The effectiveness of vaccination has been widely studied and verified. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases; widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the elimination of diseases such as polio and tetanus from much of the world. However, some diseases, such as measles outbreaks in America, have seen rising cases due to relatively low vaccination rates in the 2010s – attributed, in part, to vaccine hesitancy. According to the World Health Organization, vaccination prevents 3.5–5 million deaths per year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaccine</span> Pathogen-derived preparation that provides acquired immunity to an infectious disease

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and recognize further and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Immunization</span> Process by which an individuals immune system becomes fortified against an infectious agent

Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an infectious agent.

ATC code J07Vaccines is a therapeutic subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, a system of alphanumeric codes developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the classification of drugs and other medical products. Subgroup J07 is part of the anatomical group J Antiinfectives for systemic use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DPT vaccine</span> Combination vaccine

The DPT vaccine or DTP vaccine is a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in humans: diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. The vaccine components include diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and either killed whole cells of the bacterium that causes pertussis or pertussis antigens. The term toxoid refers to vaccines which use an inactivated toxin produced by the pathogen which they are targeted against to generate an immune response. In this way, the toxoid vaccine generates an immune response which is targeted against the toxin which is produced by the pathogen and causes disease, rather than a vaccine which is targeted against the pathogen itself. The whole cells or antigens will be depicted as either "DTwP" or "DTaP", where the lower-case "w" indicates whole-cell inactivated pertussis and the lower-case "a" stands for "acellular". In comparison to alternative vaccine types, such as live attenuated vaccines, the DTP vaccine does not contain any live pathogen, but rather uses inactivated toxoid to generate an immune response; therefore, there is not a risk of use in populations that are immune compromised since there is not any known risk of causing the disease itself. As a result, the DTP vaccine is considered a safe vaccine to use in anyone and it generates a much more targeted immune response specific for the pathogen of interest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaccination schedule</span> Series of vaccinations

A vaccination schedule is a series of vaccinations, including the timing of all doses, which may be either recommended or compulsory, depending on the country of residence. A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or reduce the effects of infection by any natural or "wild" pathogen. Vaccines go through multiple phases of trials to ensure safety and effectiveness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Childhood immunizations in the United States</span>

The schedule for childhood immunizations in the United States is published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The vaccination schedule is broken down by age: birth to six years of age, seven to eighteen, and adults nineteen and older. Childhood immunizations are key in preventing diseases with epidemic potential.

Sanofi Pasteur is the vaccines division of the French multinational pharmaceutical company Sanofi. Sanofi Pasteur is the largest company in the world devoted entirely to vaccines. It is one of four global producers of the yellow fever vaccine.

Artificial induction of immunity is immunization achieved by human efforts in preventive healthcare, as opposed to natural immunity as produced by organisms' immune systems. It makes people immune to specific diseases by means other than waiting for them to catch the disease. The purpose is to reduce the risk of death and suffering, that is, the disease burden, even when eradication of the disease is not possible. Vaccination is the chief type of such immunization, greatly reducing the burden of vaccine-preventable diseases.

In immunology, passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity of ready-made antibodies. Passive immunity can occur naturally, when maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta, and it can also be induced artificially, when high levels of antibodies specific to a pathogen or toxin are transferred to non-immune persons through blood products that contain antibodies, such as in immunoglobulin therapy or antiserum therapy. Passive immunization is used when there is a high risk of infection and insufficient time for the body to develop its own immune response, or to reduce the symptoms of ongoing or immunosuppressive diseases. Passive immunization can be provided when people cannot synthesize antibodies, and when they have been exposed to a disease that they do not have immunity against.

An attenuated vaccine is a vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable. Attenuation takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent. These vaccines contrast to those produced by "killing" the pathogen.

The National Institute of Virology in Pune, India is an Indian virology research institute and part of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). It was previously known as 'Virus Research Centre' and was founded in collaboration with the Rockefeller Foundation. It has been designated as a WHO H5 reference laboratory for SE Asia region.

A vaccine-preventable disease is an infectious disease for which an effective preventive vaccine exists. If a person acquires a vaccine-preventable disease and dies from it, the death is considered a vaccine-preventable death.

A Vaccine Information Statement (VIS) is a document designed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to provide information to a patient receiving a vaccine in the United States. The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act requires that medical professionals provide a VIS to patients before receiving certain vaccinations. The VIS includes information about the vaccine's benefits and risks, a description of the vaccine, indications and contraindications, instructions for patients experiencing an adverse reaction, and additional resources.

Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) is a vaccination programme launched by the Government of India in 1985. It became a part of Child Survival and Safe Motherhood Programme in 1992 and is currently one of the key areas under the National Health Mission since 2005. The programme now consists of vaccination for 12 diseases- tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles, hepatitis B, rotaviral gastroenteritis, Japanese encephalitis, rubella, pneumonia and Pneumococcal diseases. Hepatitis B and Pneumococcal diseases were added to the UIP in 2007 and 2017 respectively. The cost of all the vaccines are borne entirely by the Government of India and is funded through taxes with a budget of ₹7,234 crore (US$910 million) in 2022 and the program covers all residents of India, including foreign residents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mission Indradhanush</span> Health mission of the government of India

Mission Indradhanush is a health mission of the Government of India. It was launched by Union Health Minister J. P. Nadda on 25 December 2014. The scheme this seeks to drive towards 90% full immunisation coverage of India and sustain the same by year 2022. Vaccination is being provided against eight vaccine-preventable diseases nationally, i.e. Diphtheria, Whooping Cough, Tetanus, Polio, Measles, severe form of Childhood Tuberculosis and Hepatitis B and meningitis & pneumonia caused by Haemophilus influenza type B; and against Rotavirus Diarrhea and Japanese Encephalitis in selected states and districts respectively.

DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine is a combination vaccine whose generic name is diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed, hepatitis B (recombinant) and inactivated polio vaccine or DTaP-IPV-Hep B. It protects against the infectious diseases diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, and hepatitis B.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaccination in India</span>

Vaccination in India includes the use of vaccines in Indian public health and the place of vaccines in Indian society, policy, and research.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaccine ingredients</span> Ingredients used in a vaccine dose

A vaccine dose contains many ingredients very little of which is the active ingredient, the immunogen. A single dose may have merely nanograms of virus particles, or micrograms of bacterial polysaccharides. A vaccine injection, oral drops or nasal spray is mostly water. Other ingredients are added to boost the immune response, to ensure safety or help with storage, and a tiny amount of material is left-over from the manufacturing process. Very rarely, these materials can cause an allergic reaction in people who are very sensitive to them.

Live recombinant vaccines are biological preparations that improve immunity through the use of live bacteria or viruses that are genetically modified. These live pathogens are biologically engineered to express exogenous antigens in the cytoplasm of target cells, triggering immune responses as a result. This form of vaccine combines the beneficial features of attenuated and recombinant vaccines, providing the preparation with attenuated vaccines’ long-lasting immunity and recombinant vaccines’ genetically engineered precision and safety.

References

  1. ↑ Vaccine Preventable Deaths and the Global Immunization Vision and Strategy, 2006—2015, MMWR, CDC, 12 May 2006
  2. ↑ "Jenner's Breakthrough". The History of Vaccines. Philadelphia: The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. 2020. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  3. ↑ Pasteur, L (1885). "Nota sobre la profilaxis del cólera por medio de inyecciones hipodérmicas de cultivo puro del bacilo virgula". El Siglo Med (in Spanish). 32: 480.
  4. ↑ "Cholera: Ferrán's Vaccine". The History of Vaccines. Philadelphia: The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. 2020. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  5. ↑ Historic Dates and Events Related to Vaccines and Immunization, Immunization Action Coalition, immunize.org, 30 December 2016
  6. ↑ "Another Success with Rabies Vaccine". The History of Vaccines. Philadelphia: The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. 2020. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  7. ↑ "Antitoxin and Serum Therapy". The History of Vaccines. Philadelphia: The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. 2020. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  8. ↑ "Basis for Typhoid Vaccination Is Established". The History of Vaccines. Philadelphia: The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. 2020. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  9. ↑ Calmette, A (1922). L'infection bacillaire et la tuberculose chez l'homme et chez les animaux (in French) (2 ed.). Paris: Masson et Cie.
  10. ↑ "July 18: 90 Years of Tuberculosis Vaccination". The History of Vaccines. Philadelphia: The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  11. ↑ Plotkin, S.L. and Plotkin, S.A. "A short history of vaccination." In: Vaccines, Stanley A. Plotkin, Walter A. Orenstein, Paul A. Offit, eds. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2008, pp. 8.
  12. ↑ A Guide to Q fever and Q fever vaccination Archived 21 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine , CSL Biotherapies, 2009
  13. ↑ Patravale, Vandana; Dandekar, Prajakta; Jain, Ratnesh (2012). Nanoparticulate drug delivery perspectives on the transition from laboratory to market (1. publ. ed.). Oxford: Woodhead Pub. p. 212. ISBN   9781908818195.
  14. ↑ Schwartz, Jason L. (2012). "The First Rotavirus Vaccine and the Politics of Acceptable Risk". The Milbank Quarterly. 90 (2): 278–310. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2012.00664.x. PMC   3460207 . PMID   22709389.
  15. ↑ "Pneumococcal Vaccination: What Everyone Should Know | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 25 March 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  16. ↑ Saavedra, María Del Carmen; Riera, Laura M.; Bottale, Alejandro J.; Mariani, Mauricio A.; Maiza, Andrea S.; Ambrosio, Ana María (2017). "[Stability of Candid#1 vaccine to prevent Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever]". Medicina. 77 (5): 353–357. ISSN   0025-7680. PMID   29044009.
  17. ↑ Cao Y, Bing Z, Guan S, Zhang Z, Wang X (2018). "Development of new hepatitis E vaccines". Human Vaccine & Immunotherapics. 14 (9): 2254–2262. doi:10.1080/21645515.2018.1469591. PMC   6183316 . PMID   29708836.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ↑ Mao, Qun-ying; Wang, Yiping; Bian, Lianlian; Xu, Miao; Liang, Zhenglun (May 2016). "EV71 vaccine, a new tool to control outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD)". Expert Review of Vaccines. 15 (5): 599–606. doi:10.1586/14760584.2016.1138862. PMID   26732723. S2CID   45722352.
  19. ↑ Malaria vaccine approval first marred by efficacy question mark, Chemistry World, Maria Burke, 29 July 2015
  20. ↑ Sanofi's Dengue Vaccine Dengvaxia Gains Brazilian Approval, Zacks Equity Research, Zacks.com, 29 December 2015
  21. ↑ "Merck's Ervebo [Ebola Zaire Vaccine (rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP) live] Granted Conditional Approval in the European Union" (Press release). Merck. 11 November 2019. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019– via Business Wire.
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