DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine

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DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine
Combination of
DTaP vaccine Vaccine
Inactivated poliovirus vaccine Vaccine
Hepatitis B vaccine Vaccine
Clinical data
Trade names Pediarix
AHFS/Drugs.com Pediarix
MedlinePlus a607014
License data
Routes of
administration 		Intramuscular
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
CAS Number

DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine is a combination vaccine whose generic name is diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed, hepatitis B (recombinant) and inactivated polio vaccine or DTaP-IPV-Hep B. [1] It protects against the infectious diseases diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, and hepatitis B. [2] [3] [4]

Contents

A branded formulation is marketed in the U.S. as Pediarix by GlaxoSmithKline. [5]

DTaP

The DTaP portion of the vaccine protects against three bacterial infections: diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (whooping cough). Diphtheria is a bacterium that causes problems with breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and in some cases death. [6] It is spread via human to human interaction. [6] Tetanus is spread via open cuts or wounds in the body. It can lead to stiffening of the muscles, which can result in difficulties breathing. [6] Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is the is "aP" portion of the DTaP vaccine. [6] Like diphtheria, it is spread via human to human interaction. [6] With the vaccine, children can build up a supply of antibodies that prevent infection. [7] In general, the DTaP vaccine is only administered to children ages 7 and younger. [6]

IPV

The IPV portion of the DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine protects against poliomyelitis, otherwise known as polio. [8] IPV stands for inactivated poliovirus vaccine, which means that it does not use a live strand of the polio virus and cannot result in polio. [8] Polio is a life-threatening disease that can cause paralysis, poor muscle function that weakens the ability to breath, and brain problems. [8] [9] Since 2016, the United States requires all polio vaccines administered to be IPV and not OPV to eliminate the use of live polio virus. [8]

HepB

The HepB portion of the vaccine protects against hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is a virus that can be spread via mother to child if the mother is infected with hepatitis B, so most doctors recommend that infants be vaccinated. [10] In most individuals infected with hepatitis B, they are asymptomatic. [10] However, symptoms of hepatitis B include flu-like symptoms, diarrhea, and jaundice. [10] Hepatitis B can either be acute or chronic and can ultimately lead to damage of the liver. [10]

Uses

The main reason for the use of combination vaccines is because they require fewer shots. Instead of having a child receive separate shots for each virus they need protection from, scientists were able to create vaccines, like MMR and DTap-IPV-HepB, that protect against several viruses at a time. [11] Another reason is that with the IPV (inactivated poliovirus vaccine) portion of the DTap-IPV-HeB vaccine, children no longer have to take the oral vaccine (OPV) that was administered starting in the 1950s. [12] Although the oral vaccine helped eliminate polio in several countries and is still used in countries today, OPV contains live polio virus and can still result in individuals getting polio. [12] [8] Combination vaccines are also more cost effective and make it more likely for children to receive vaccinations. [11] [7]  With the DTaP vaccine on its own, it is to be administered in five doses. [6] However, when the DTaP vaccine is administered through the DTaP-IPV-HepB combination vaccine like Pediarix, it only has to be administered in three doses. [13]

Formulations

In general, the DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine is recommended to be administered in three doses around 8, 12, and 16 weeks old. [9] Talk to your doctor about the vaccine schedule that is best for your child. There are several common DTaP combinations vaccines: Pediarix, Kinrix, and Pentacel. [11] Pediarix combines DTap-IPV-Hep B and Pentacel combines DTaP-IPV-Hib (Haemophilus influenza type b); however, Kinrix only combines DTaP-IPV, which leaves out Hep B and Hib. [11] Therefore, Pediarix and Pentacel are more commonly used because they protect from five rather than four viruses in each dose. [11] For protecting against DTaP viruses, polio, and hepatitis B, Pediarix is the recommended formulation. [11]

Pediarix

Pediarix is vaccine that is protective against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, and polio. [14] This vaccine is FDA approved to be administered to infants in three doses between ages six weeks and six years. [14] Pediarix should not be injected into any child seven years old or older. [14] However, it is recommended that the immunizations be done at months two, four, and six. [15] The wide age gap between six weeks and six years allows for children who fall behind in their vaccinations to still have the opportunity to be vaccinated. [16] From the moment of birth, babies can become infected with these life-threatening diseases, which is why this vaccine is recommended to be given so early on. [9] With these three doses, the Pediarix vaccine has been given to over 8,088 infants. [13] Each does is 0.5mL and is given via intramuscular. [15] For children ages one and younger, the vaccine is injected into the thigh. [15] While for children older than one, it is injected into the deltoid muscle of the arm. [15] Because the Pediarix vaccine has HepB, is it important to note the mother's HBsAg status. [16] Pediarix is recommended for mothers who are HBsAg-negative; however, in 2003 it was approved that children whose mothers are HBsAg-positive can also receive the Pediarix immunization. [16] Looking at overall completed vaccine records, Pediarix completes the amount of HepB doses that an individual needs to be protected. [16] However, boosters are still needed for DTaP and IPV vaccines after the three doses of Pediarix. [16]

DTaP-IPV-HepB virus activity

As of 2021, there were 1,609 cases of pertussis in the United States. [17] The majority of cases were found amongst 6-11 month old children. [17]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaccine</span> Pathogen-derived preparation that provides acquired immunity to an infectious disease

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and recognize further and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polio vaccine</span> Vaccine to prevent poliomyelitis

Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). Two types are used: an inactivated poliovirus given by injection (IPV) and a weakened poliovirus given by mouth (OPV). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends all children be fully vaccinated against polio. The two vaccines have eliminated polio from most of the world, and reduced the number of cases reported each year from an estimated 350,000 in 1988 to 33 in 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exotoxin</span> Toxin from bacteria that destroys or disrupts cells

An exotoxin is a toxin secreted by bacteria. An exotoxin can cause damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism. They are highly potent and can cause major damage to the host. Exotoxins may be secreted, or, similar to endotoxins, may be released during lysis of the cell. Gram negative pathogens may secrete outer membrane vesicles containing lipopolysaccharide endotoxin and some virulence proteins in the bounding membrane along with some other toxins as intra-vesicular contents, thus adding a previously unforeseen dimension to the well-known eukaryote process of membrane vesicle trafficking, which is quite active at the host–pathogen interface.

ATC code J07Vaccines is a therapeutic subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, a system of alphanumeric codes developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the classification of drugs and other medical products. Subgroup J07 is part of the anatomical group J Antiinfectives for systemic use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DPT vaccine</span> Combination vaccine

The DPT vaccine or DTP vaccine is a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in humans: diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (lockjaw). The vaccine components include diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, and either killed whole cells of the bacterium that causes pertussis or pertussis antigens. The term toxoid refers to vaccines which use an inactivated toxin produced by the pathogen which they are targeted against to generate an immune response. In this way, the toxoid vaccine generates an immune response which is targeted against the toxin which is produced by the pathogen and causes disease, rather than a vaccine which is targeted against the pathogen itself. The whole cells or antigens will be depicted as either "DTwP" or "DTaP", where the lower-case "w" indicates whole-cell inactivated pertussis and the lower-case "a" stands for "acellular". In comparison to alternative vaccine types, such as live attenuated vaccines, the DTP vaccine does not contain any live pathogen, but rather uses inactivated toxoid to generate an immune response; therefore, there is not a risk of use in populations that are immune compromised since there is not any known risk of causing the disease itself. As a result, the DTP vaccine is considered a safe vaccine to use in anyone and it generates a much more targeted immune response specific for the pathogen of interest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Childhood immunizations in the United States</span>

The schedule for childhood immunizations in the United States is published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The vaccination schedule is broken down by age: birth to six years of age, seven to eighteen, and adults nineteen and older. Childhood immunizations are key in preventing diseases with epidemic potential.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Booster dose</span> Additional administration of vaccine

A booster dose is an extra administration of a vaccine after an earlier (primer) dose. After initial immunization, a booster provides a re-exposure to the immunizing antigen. It is intended to increase immunity against that antigen back to protective levels after memory against that antigen has declined through time. For example, tetanus shot boosters are often recommended every 10 years, by which point memory cells specific against tetanus lose their function or undergo apoptosis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hepatitis B vaccine</span> Vaccine against hepatitis B

Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis B. The first dose is recommended within 24 hours of birth with either two or three more doses given after that. This includes those with poor immune function such as from HIV/AIDS and those born premature. It is also recommended that health-care workers be vaccinated. In healthy people, routine immunization results in more than 95% of people being protected.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hib vaccine</span> Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine

The Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine, also known as Hib vaccine, is a vaccine used to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection. In countries that include it as a routine vaccine, rates of severe Hib infections have decreased more than 90%. It has therefore resulted in a decrease in the rate of meningitis, pneumonia, and epiglottitis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diphtheria vaccine</span> Vaccine against diphtheria

Diphtheria vaccine is a toxoid vaccine against diphtheria, an illness caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Its use has resulted in a more than 90% decrease in number of cases globally between 1980 and 2000. The first dose is recommended at six weeks of age with two additional doses four weeks apart, after which it is about 95% effective during childhood. Three further doses are recommended during childhood. It is unclear if further doses later in life are needed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pertussis vaccine</span> Vaccine protecting against whooping cough

Pertussis vaccine is a vaccine that protects against whooping cough (pertussis). There are two main types: whole-cell vaccines and acellular vaccines. The whole-cell vaccine is about 78% effective while the acellular vaccine is 71–85% effective. The effectiveness of the vaccines appears to decrease by between 2 and 10% per year after vaccination with a more rapid decrease with the acellular vaccines. The vaccine is only available in combination with tetanus and diphtheria vaccines. Pertussis vaccine is estimated to have saved over 500,000 lives in 2002.

A Vaccine Information Statement (VIS) is a document designed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to provide information to a patient receiving a vaccine in the United States. The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act requires that medical professionals provide a VIS to patients before receiving certain vaccinations. The VIS includes information about the vaccine's benefits and risks, a description of the vaccine, indications and contraindications, instructions for patients experiencing an adverse reaction, and additional resources.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tetanus vaccine</span> Vaccines used to prevent tetanus

Tetanus vaccine, also known as tetanus toxoid (TT), is a toxoid vaccine used to prevent tetanus. During childhood, five doses are recommended, with a sixth given during adolescence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DTaP-IPV vaccine</span> Vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and polio

DTaP-IPV vaccine is a combination vaccine whose full generic name is diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed and inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV).

DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine is a 5-in-1 combination vaccine that protects against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, and Haemophilus influenzae type B.

DTaP-Hib vaccine is a combination vaccine whose generic name is diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed with Haemophilus B conjugate vaccine, sometimes abbreviated to DTaP-Hib. It protects against the infectious diseases diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and Haemophilus influenzae type B.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hexavalent vaccine</span> Single vaccine protecting against six individual diseases

A hexavalent vaccine, or 6-in-1 vaccine, is a combination vaccine with six individual vaccines conjugated into one, intended to protect people from multiple diseases. The term usually refers to the children's vaccine that protects against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, haemophilus B, and hepatitis B, which is used in more than 90 countries around the world including in Europe, Canada, Australia, Jordan, and New Zealand.

DTP-HepB vaccine is a combination vaccine whose generic name is diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and whole-cell pertussis and hepatitis B (recombinant) vaccine (adsorbed) or DTP-Hep B. It protects against the infectious diseases diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and hepatitis B.

Trudy Virginia Noller Murphy is an American pediatric infectious diseases physician, public health epidemiologist and vaccinologist. During the 1980s and 1990s, she conducted research at Southwestern Medical School in Dallas, Texas on three bacterial pathogens: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Murphy's studies advanced understanding of how these organisms spread within communities, particularly among children attending day care centers. Her seminal work on Hib vaccines elucidated the effects of introduction of new Hib vaccines on both bacterial carriage and control of invasive Hib disease. Murphy subsequently joined the National Immunization Program at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) where she led multi-disciplinary teams in the Divisions of Epidemiology and Surveillance and The Viral Hepatitis Division. Among her most influential work at CDC was on Rotashield™, which was a newly licensed vaccine designed to prevent severe diarrheal disease caused by rotavirus. Murphy and her colleagues uncovered that the vaccine increased the risk of acute bowel obstruction (intussusception). This finding prompted suspension of the national recommendation to vaccinate children with Rotashield, and led the manufacturer to withdraw the vaccine from the market. For this work Murphy received the United States Department of Health and Human Services Secretary's Award for Distinguished Service in 2000, and the publication describing this work was recognized in 2002 by the Charles C. Shepard Science Award from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

References

  1. ↑ "Diphtheria, Tetanus Toxoids, Acellular Pertussis, Hepatitis B (Recombinant), and Poliovirus (Inactivated) Vaccine". Drugs.com. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  2. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (March 2003). "FDA licensure of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed, hepatitis B (recombinant), and poliovirus vaccine combined, (PEDIARIX) for use in infants". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 52 (10): 203–204. PMID   12653460.
  3. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (October 2008). "Licensure of a diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed and inactivated poliovirus vaccine and guidance for use as a booster dose". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 57 (39): 1078–1079. PMID   18830212.
  4. ↑ Schillie S, Vellozzi C, Reingold A, Harris A, Haber P, Ward JW, Nelson NP (January 2018). "Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices". MMWR. Recommendations and Reports. 67 (1): 1–31. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6701a1. PMC   5837403 . PMID   29939980.
  5. ↑ "Pediarix". Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 21 February 2018. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine Information Statement | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 27 June 2022. Archived from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  7. 1 2 Skibinski DA, Baudner BC, Singh M, O'Hagan DT (January 2011). "Combination vaccines". Journal of Global Infectious Diseases. 3 (1): 63–72. doi: 10.4103/0974-777X.77298 . PMC   3068581 . PMID   21572611.
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  14. 1 2 3 Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (6 November 2019). "PEDIARIX". FDA. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
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