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Drugs or medicines may be withdrawn from commercial markets because of risks to patients, but also because of commercial reasons (e.g. lack of demand and relatively high production costs). Where risks or harms is the reason for withdrawal, this will usually have been prompted by unexpected adverse effects that were not detected during Phase III clinical trials, i.e. they were only made apparent from postmarketing surveillance data collected from the wider community over longer periods of time.
This list is not limited to drugs that were ever approved by the FDA. Some of them (lumiracoxib, rimonabant, tolrestat, ximelagatran and ximelidine, for example) were approved to be marketed in Europe but had not yet been approved for marketing in the US, when side effects became clear and their developers pulled them from the market. Some drugs in this list (e.g. LSD) were never approved for marketing in the US or Europe.
Drug name | Withdrawn | Country | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
Amphetamine Mix (Adderall XR) | 2005 | Canada | Withdrawn over reports of increased risk of stroke, reinstated after increased risk not found. [1] |
Alatrofloxacin | 2006 | Worldwide | Serious hepatotoxicity leading to liver transplant or death. [2] |
Alclofenac | 1979 | UK | Vasculitis [3] |
Alpidem (Ananxyl) | 1995 | Worldwide | Not approved in the US, withdrawn in France in 1994 [4] and the rest of the market in 1995 because of rare but serious hepatotoxicity. [3] [5] |
Alosetron (Lotronex) | 2000 | US | Serious gastrointestinal adverse events; ischemic colitis; severe constipation. [2] Reintroduced 2002 with restricted indication and new controls. [6] |
Alphaxolone/Alphadolone (Althesin) | 1984 | France, Germany, UK | Anaphylaxis, possibly due to carrier oil (Cremophor EL). [3] |
Amineptine (Survector) | 1999 | France, US | Hepatotoxicity, dermatological side effects, and abuse potential. [7] |
Aminopyrine | 1999 | France, Thailand | Risk of agranulocytosis and severe acne. [3] |
Amobarbital | 1980 | Norway | Risk of barbiturate toxicity. [3] |
Amoproxan | 1970 | France | Dermatologic and ophthalmic toxicity. [3] |
Anagestone acetate | 1969 | Germany | Animal carcinogenicity. [3] |
Antrafenine | 1984 | France | Unspecific experimental toxicity. [3] |
Aprotinin (Trasylol) | 2008 | US | Increased risk of death. [2] |
Ardeparin (Normiflo) | 2001 | US | Withdrawn at request of NDA originator, "not for reason of safety or efficacy." [8] [9] |
Astemizole (Hismanal) | 1999 | US, Malaysia, Multiple Nonspecified Markets | Fatal arrhythmia [2] [3] |
Azaribine | 1976 | US | Thromboembolism. [3] |
Bendazac | 1993 | Spain | Hepatotoxicity. [3] |
Benoxaprofen (Oraflex, Opren) | 1982 | Germany, Spain, UK, US | Liver and kidney failure; gastrointestinal bleeding; ulcers. [2] [3] |
Benzarone | 1992 | Germany | Hepatitis. [3] |
Benziodarone | 1964 | France, UK | Jaundice. [3] |
Beta-ethoxy-lacetanilanide | 1986 | Germany | Renal toxicity, animal carcinogenicity. [3] |
Bezitramide | 2004 | Netherlands | Risk of fatal overdose [10] |
Bithionol | 1967 | US | Dermatologic toxicity. [3] |
Brotizolam | 1989 | UK | Animal carcinogenicity. [3] |
Bromfenac | 1998 | US | Severe hepatitis and liver failure (requiring transplantation). [2] |
Bucetin | 1986 | Germany | Kidney damage [3] |
Buformin | 1978 | Germany | Metabolic toxicity. [3] |
Bunamiodyl | 1963 | Canada, UK, US | Nephropathy. [11] |
Butamben (Efocaine)(Butoforme) | 1964 | US | Dermatologic toxicity; psychiatric reactions. [3] |
Canrenone | 1986 | Germany | Animal Carcinogenicity. [3] |
Cerivastatin (Baycol, Lipobay) | 2001 | US | Risk of rhabdomyolysis [2] |
Chlormadinone (Chlormenadione) | 1970 | UK, US | Animal Carcinogenicity. [3] |
Chlormezanone (Trancopal) | 1996 | European Union, US, South Africa, Japan | Hepatotoxicity and Stevens–Johnson Syndrome [3] |
Chlorphentermine | 1969 | Germany | Cardiovascular Toxicity. [3] |
Cianidanol | 1985 | France, Germany, Spain, Sweden | Hemolytic Anemia. [3] |
Cinepazide | 1988 | Spain | Agranulocytosis. [12] [13] |
Cisapride (Propulsid) | 2000 | US | Risk of fatal cardiac arrhythmias [2] |
Clioquinol | 1973 | France, Germany, UK, US | Neurotoxicity. [3] |
Clobutinol | 2007 | Germany | Ventricular arrhythmia, QT-prolongation. [14] |
Cloforex | 1969 | Germany | Cardiovascular toxicity. [3] |
Clomacron | 1982 | UK | Hepatotoxicity. [3] |
Clometacin | 1987 | France | Hepatotoxicity. [3] |
Co-proxamol (Distalgesic) | 2004 | UK | Risk of overdose |
Cyclobarbital | 1980 | Norway | Risk of overdose [3] |
Cyclofenil | 1987 | France | Hepatotoxicity. [3] |
Dantron | 1963 | Canada, UK, US | Mutagenic. [15] withdrawn from general use in UK but permitted in terminal patients |
Dexfenfluramine | 1997 | European Union, UK, US | Cardiotoxic [3] |
Propoxyphene (Darvocet/Darvon) | 2010 | Worldwide | Increased risk of heart attacks and stroke. [16] |
Diacetoxydiphenolisatin | 1971 | Australia | Hepatotoxicity. [3] |
Diethylstilbestrol | 1970s | US | Carcinogen |
Difemerine | 1986 | Germany | Multi-Organ toxicities. [3] |
Dihydrostreptomycin | 1970 | US | Neuropsychiatric reaction. [3] |
Dilevalol | 1990 | UK | Hepatotoxicity. [3] |
Dimazole (Diamthazole) | 1972 | France, US | Neuropsychiatric reaction. [3] |
Dimethylamylamine (DMAA) | 1983 | US | Voluntarily withdrawn from market by Lily. [17] : 12 Reintroduced as a dietary supplement in 2006; [17] : 13 in 2013 the FDA started work to ban it due to cardiovascular problems [18] |
Dinoprostone | 1990 | UK | Uterine hypotonus, fetal distress. [3] |
Dipyrone (Metamizole) | 1975 | UK, US, Others | Agranulocytosis, anaphylactic reactions. [3] |
Dithiazanine iodide | 1964 | France, US | Cardiovascular and metabolic reaction. [3] |
Dofetilide | 2004 | Germany | Drug interactions, prolonged QT. [14] |
Drotrecogin alfa (Xigris) | 2011 | Worldwide | Lack of efficacy as shown by PROWESS-SHOCK study [19] [20] [21] |
Ebrotidine | 1998 | Spain | Hepatotoxicity. [3] |
Efalizumab (Raptiva) | 2009 | Germany | Withdrawn because of increased risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy [14] |
Encainide | 1991 | UK, US | Ventricular arrhythmias. [2] [3] |
Ethyl carbamate | 1963 | Canada, UK, US | Carcinogen. [22] |
Etretinate | 1989 | France | Teratogen. [2] [3] |
Exifone | 1989 | France | Hepatotoxicity. [3] |
Fen-phen (popular combination of fenfluramine and phentermine) | 1997 | Cardiotoxicity | |
Fenclofenac | 1984 | UK | Cutaneous reactions; animal carcinogenicity. [3] |
Fenclozic acid | 1970 | UK, US | Hepatotoxicity. [3] |
Fenfluramine | 1997 | European Union, UK, US, India, South Africa, others | Cardiac valvular disease, pulmonary hypertension, cardiac fibrosis; [3] [23] re-approved in June 2020 for the treatment of seizures associated with Dravet syndrome, under FDA orphan drug rules. |
Fenoterol | 1990 | New Zealand | Asthma mortality. [3] |
Feprazone | 1984 | Germany, UK | Cutaneous reaction, multiorgan toxicity. [3] |
Fipexide | 1991 | France | Hepatotoxicity. [3] |
Flosequinan (Manoplax) | 1993 | UK, US | Increased mortality at higher doses; increased hospitalizations. [2] [3] |
Flunitrazepam | 1991 | France | Abuse. [3] |
Flupirtine | 2018 | European Union | Liver toxicity. [24] |
Gatifloxacin | 2006 | US | Increased risk of dysglycemia. [2] |
Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) | 2010 | US | No improvement in clinical benefit; risk for death. [2] Returned to market in 2017. [25] |
Glafenine | 1984 | France, Germany | Anaphylaxis. [3] |
Grepafloxacin (Raxar) | 1999 | Withdrawn Germany, UK, US others | Cardiac repolarization; QT interval prolongation. [2] |
Hydromorphone (Palladone, extended release version) | 2005 | High risk of accidental overdose when extended release version (Palladone) administered with alcohol. Standard hydromorphone is sold in most of the world including the US | |
Ibufenac | 1968 | UK | Hepatotoxicity, jaundice. [3] |
Indalpine | 1985 | France | Agranulocytosis. [3] |
Indoprofen | 1983 | Germany, Spain, UK | Animal carcinogenicity, gastrointestinal toxicity. [3] |
Ingenol mebutate gel | 2020 | Suspended in Europe | Increased risk of skin cancers. [26] [27] |
Iodinated casein strophantin | 1964 | US | Metabolic reaction. [3] |
Iproniazid | 1964 | Canada | Interactions with food products containing tyrosine. [28] |
Isaxonine phosphate | 1984 | France | Hepatotoxicity. [3] |
Isoxicam | 1983 | France, Germany, Spain, others | Stevens–Johnson syndrome. [3] |
Kava Kava | 2002 | Germany | Hepatotoxicity. [14] |
Ketorolac | 1993 | France, Germany, others | Hemorrhage, Kidney Failure. [3] |
L-tryptophan | 1989 | Germany, UK | Eosinophilic myalgia syndrome. [3] Still sold in the US |
Levamisole (Ergamisol) | 1999 | US | Still used as veterinary drug and as a human antihelminthic in many markets; listed on the WHO List of Essential Medicines. In humans, it was used to treat melanoma before it was withdrawn for agranulocytosis. [29] [30] [31] |
Levomethadyl acetate | 2003 | US | Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. [2] |
Lorcaserin (Belviq) | 2020 | US | Increased risk of cancer. [32] |
Lumiracoxib (Prexige) | 2007–2008 | Worldwide | Liver damage |
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) | 1950s–1960s | Marketed as a psychiatric drug; withdrawn after it became widely used recreationally. Now illegal in most of the world. | |
Mebanazine | 1975 | UK | Hepatotoxicity, drug intereaction. [3] |
Methandrostenolone | 1982 | France, Germany, UK, US, others | Off-label abuse. [3] |
Methapyrilene | 1979 | Germany, UK, US | Animal carcinogenicity. [3] |
Methaqualone | 1984 | South Africa (1971), India (1984), United Nations (1971–1988) | Withdrawn because of risk of addiction and overdose [33] [34] |
Metipranolol | 1990 | UK, others | Uveitis. [3] |
Metofoline | 1965 | US | Unspecific experimental toxicity. [3] |
Mibefradil | 1998 | European Union, Malaysia, US, others | Fatal arrhythmia, drug interactions. [2] [3] |
Minaprine | 1996 | France | Convulsions. [3] |
Moxisylyte | 1993 | France | Necrotic hepatitis. [3] |
Muzolimine | 1987 | France, Germany, European Union | Polyneuropathy. [3] |
Natalizumab (Tysabri) | 2005–2006 | US | Voluntarily withdrawn from US market because of risk of Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Returned to market July 2006. |
Nefazodone | 2004 | Europe, Australia, New Zealand and Canada [35] [36] [37] | Branded version withdrawn by originator in several countries in 2007 for hepatotoxicity. Generic versions available. Still available in US market. |
Nialamide | 1974 | UK, US | Hepatotoxicity, drug intereaction. [3] |
Nikethamide | 1988 | multiple markets | CNS Stimulation. [3] |
Nitrefazole | 1984 | Germany | Hepatic and hematologic toxicity. [3] |
Nomifensine | 1981–1986 | France, Germany, Spain, UK, US, others | Hemolytic Anemia, hepatotoxicity, serious hypersensitive reactions. [2] [3] |
Oxeladin | 1976 | Canada, UK, US (1976) | Carcinogen. [38] |
Oxyphenbutazone | 1984–1985 | UK, US, Germany, France, Canada | Bone marrow suppression, Stevens–Johnson syndrome. [3] [39] [40] |
Oxyphenisatin (Phenisatin) | 1970s | Australia, France, Germany, UK, US | Hepatotoxicity. [3] |
Ozogamicin | 2010 | US | No improvement in clinical benefit; risk for death; veno-occlusive disease. [2] |
Pemoline (Cylert) | 1997 | Canada, UK | Withdrawn from US in 2005 due to hepatotoxicity. [41] [3] |
Pentobarbital | 1980 | Norway | Risk of fatal overdose. [3] |
Pentylenetetrazol | 1982 | US | Withdrawn for inability to produce effective convulsive therapy, and for causing seizures. |
Pergolide (Permax) | 2007 | US | Risk for heart valve damage. [2] |
Perhexiline | 1985 | UK, Spain | Neurologic and hepatic toxicity. [3] |
Phenacetin | 1975 | Canada | An ingredient in "A.P.C." tablet; withdrawn because of risk of cancer and kidney disease [42] Germany Denmark, UK, US, others Reason: nephropathy. [3] |
Phenformin and Buformin | 1977 | France, Germany US | Severe lactic acidosis [3] |
Phenolphthalein | 1997 | US | Possible carcinogen. [43] |
Phenoxypropazine | 1966 | UK | Hepatotoxicity, drug intereaction. [3] |
Phenylbutazone | 1985 | Germany | Off-label abuse, hematologic toxicity. [3] |
Phenylpropanolamine (Propagest, Dexatrim) | 2000 | Canada, US | Hemorrhagic stroke. [44] [45] |
Pifoxime (=Pixifenide) | 1976 | France | Neuropsychiatric reaction. [3] |
Pirprofen | 1990 | France, Germany, Spain | Liver toxicity. [3] [12] : 223 |
Prenylamine | 1988 | Canada, France, Germany, UK, US, others | Cardiac arrythmia [46] and death. [3] |
Proglumide | 1989 | Germany | Respiratory reaction. [3] |
Pronethalol | 1965 | UK | Animal carcinogenicity. [3] |
Propanidid | 1983 | UK | Allergy. [3] |
Proxibarbal | 1998 | Spain, France, Italy, Portugal, Turkey | Immunoallergic, thrombocytopenia. [3] |
Pyrovalerone | 1979 | France | Abuse. [3] |
Ranitidine (Zantac) | 2020 | Worldwide | Found to spontaneously break down into the carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine. |
Rapacuronium (Raplon) | 2001 | US, multiple markets | Withdrawn in many countries because of risk of fatal bronchospasm. [2] |
Remoxipride | 1993 | UK, others | Aplastic anemia. [3] |
rhesus rotavirus vaccine-tetravalent (RotaShield) | 1999 | US | Withdrawn due to risk of intussusception. [47] |
Rimonabant (Acomplia) | 2008 | Worldwide | Risk of severe depression and suicide. [14] |
Rofecoxib (Vioxx) | 2004 | Worldwide | Withdrawn by Merck & Co. Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. [2] |
Rosiglitazone (Avandia) | 2010 | Europe | Risk of heart attacks and death. This drug continues to be available in the US |
Secobarbital | France, Norway, others. | Risk of overdose [3] | |
Sertindole | 1998 | European Union | Arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death [3] [48] |
Sibutramine (Reductil/Meridia) | 2010 | Australia, [49] Canada, [50] China, [51] the European Union (EU), [52] Hong Kong, [53] India, [54] Mexico, New Zealand, [55] the Philippines, [56] Thailand, [57] the United Kingdom, [58] and the United States [59] | Increased risk of heart attack and stroke. [2] |
Sitaxentan | 2010 | Germany | Hepatotoxicity. [14] |
Sorivudine | 1993 | Japan | Drug interaction and deaths. [60] |
Sparfloxacin | 2001 | US | QT prolongation and phototoxicity. [2] |
Sulfacarbamide | 1988 | Germany | Dermatologic, hematologic and hepatic reactions. [3] |
Sulfamethoxydiazine | 1988 | Germany | Unknown. [3] |
Sulfamethoxypyridazine | 1986 | UK | Dermatologic and hematologic reactions. [3] |
Suloctidil | 1985 | Germany, France, Spain | Hepatotoxicity. [3] |
Suprofen | 1986–1987 | UK, Spain, US | Kidney damage. [2] [3] |
Tegaserod (Zelnorm) | 2007 | US | Risk for heart attack, stroke, and unstable angina. [2] Was available through a restricted access program until April 2008; returned to market in 2019. |
Temafloxacin | 1992 | Germany, UK, US, others | Low blood sugar; hemolytic anemia; kidney, liver dysfunction; allergic reactions [2] [3] |
Temafloxacin | 1992 | US | Allergic reactions and cases of hemolytic anemia, leading to three patient deaths. |
Temazepam (Restoril, Euhypnos, Normison, Remestan, Tenox, Norkotral) | 1999 | Sweden, Norway | Diversion, abuse, and a relatively high rate of overdose deaths in comparison to other drugs of its group. This drug continues to be available in most of the world including the US, but under strict controls. |
Terfenadine (Seldane, Triludan) | 1997–1998 | France, South Africa, Oman, others, US | Prolonged QT interval; ventricular tachycardia [2] [3] |
Terodiline (Micturin) | 1991 | Germany, UK, Spain, others | Prolonged QT interval, ventricular tachycardia and arrhythmia. [3] |
Tetrazepam | 2013 | European Union | Serious cutaneous reactions. [61] |
Thalidomide | 1961 | Germany | Withdrawn because of risk of teratogenicity; [62] returned to market for use in leprosy and multiple myeloma under FDA orphan drug rules |
Thenalidine | 1963 | Canada, UK, US | Neutropenia [3] [63] |
Thiobutabarbitone | 1993 | Germany | Kidney injury. [3] |
Thioridazine (Melleril) | 2005 | Germany, UK | Withdrawn worldwide due to severe cardiac arrhythmias [64] [65] Continues to be available in Russia. |
Ticrynafen (Tienilic acid) | 1980 | Germany, France, UK, US others | Liver toxicity and death. [3] |
Tolcapone (Tasmar) | 1998 | European Union, Canada, Australia | Hepatotoxicity [3] |
Tolrestat (Alredase) | 1996 | Argentina, Canada, Italy, others | Severe hepatotoxicity [3] |
Triacetyldiphenolisatin | 1971 | Australia | Hepatotoxicity. [3] |
Triazolam | 1991 | France, Netherlands, Finland, Argentina, UK others | Psychiatric adverse drug reactions, amnesia. [3] [66] |
Triparanol | 1962 | France, US | Cataracts, alopecia, ichthyosis. [3] |
Troglitazone (Rezulin) | 2000 | US, Germany | Hepatotoxicity [2] |
Trovafloxacin (Trovan) | 1999–2001 | European Union, US | Withdrawn because of risk of liver failure [2] [3] |
Valdecoxib (Bextra) | 2004 | US | Risk of heart attack and stroke. [2] |
Vincamine | 1987 | Germany | Hematologic toxicity. [3] |
Xenazoic acid | 1965 | France | Hepatotoxicity. [3] |
Ximelagatran (Exanta) | 2006 | Germany | Hepatotoxicity [14] |
Zimelidine | 1983 | Worldwide | Risk of Guillain–Barré syndrome, hypersensitivity reaction, hepatotoxicity [3] [67] [68] banned worldwide. [69] |
Zomepirac | 1983 | UK, Germany, Spain, US | Anaphylactic reactions and non-fatal allergic reactions, kidney failure [2] [3] |
Loperamide, sold under the brand name Imodium, among others, is a medication of the opioid receptor agonist class used to decrease the frequency of diarrhea. It is often used for this purpose in irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, short bowel syndrome Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. It is not recommended for those with blood in the stool, mucus in the stool, or fevers. The medication is taken by mouth.
Sertindole, sold under the brand name Serdolect among others, is an antipsychotic medication. Sertindole was developed by the Danish pharmaceutical company Lundbeck and marketed under license by Abbott Labs. Like other atypical antipsychotics, it has activity at dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain. It is used in the treatment of schizophrenia. It is classified chemically as a phenylindole derivative.
Bupropion, formerly called amfebutamone, and sold under the brand name Wellbutrin among others, is an atypical antidepressant primarily used to treat major depressive disorder and to support smoking cessation. It is also popular as an add-on medication in the cases of "incomplete response" to the first-line selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant. Bupropion has several features that distinguish it from other antidepressants: it does not usually cause sexual dysfunction, it is not associated with weight gain and sleepiness, and it is more effective than SSRIs at improving symptoms of hypersomnia and fatigue. Bupropion, particularly the immediate release formulation, carries a higher risk of seizure than many other antidepressants, hence caution is recommended in patients with a history of seizure disorder. The medication is taken by mouth.
Orlistat, sold under the brand name Xenical among others, is a medication used to treat obesity. Its primary function is preventing the absorption of fats from the human diet by acting as a lipase inhibitor, thereby reducing caloric intake. It is intended for use in conjunction with a healthcare provider-supervised reduced-calorie diet.
Daclizumab is a therapeutic humanized monoclonal antibody which was used for the treatment of adults with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Daclizumab works by binding to CD25, the alpha subunit of the IL-2 receptor of T-cells.
Rosiglitazone is an antidiabetic drug in the thiazolidinedione class. It works as an insulin sensitizer, by binding to the PPAR in fat cells and making the cells more responsive to insulin. It is marketed by the pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) as a stand-alone drug or for use in combination with metformin or with glimepiride. First released in 1999, annual sales peaked at approximately $2.5-billion in 2006; however, following a meta-analysis in 2007 that linked the drug's use to an increased risk of heart attack, sales plummeted to just $9.5-million in 2012. The drug's patent expired in 2012.
An anorectic or anorexic is a drug which reduces appetite, resulting in lower food consumption, leading to weight loss. These substances work by affecting the central nervous system or certain neurotransmitters to create a feeling of fullness or reduce the desire to eat. The understanding of anorexiant effects is crucial in the development of interventions for weight management, eating disorders, and related health concerns. The anorexiant effect can be induced through diverse mechanisms, ranging from hormonal regulation to neural signaling. Ghrelin, leptin, and peptide YY are among the hormones involved in appetite control. Additionally, neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine in the central nervous system contribute significantly to the regulation of food intake.
Anti-obesity medication or weight loss medications are pharmacological agents that reduce or control excess body fat. These medications alter one of the fundamental processes of the human body, weight regulation, by: reducing appetite and consequently energy intake, increasing energy expenditure, redirecting nutrients from adipose to lean tissue, or interfering with the absorption of calories.
Dextropropoxyphene is an analgesic in the opioid category, patented in 1955 and manufactured by Eli Lilly and Company. It is an optical isomer of levopropoxyphene. It is intended to treat mild pain and also has antitussive and local anaesthetic effects. The drug has been taken off the market in Europe and the US due to concerns of fatal overdoses and heart arrhythmias. It is still available in Australia, albeit with restrictions after an application by its manufacturer to review its proposed banning. Its onset of analgesia is said to be 20–30 minutes and peak effects are seen about 1.5–2.0 hours after oral administration.
Phentermine, sold under the brand name Ionamin among others, is a medication used together with diet and exercise to treat obesity. It is taken by mouth for up to a few weeks at a time, after which the benefits subside. It is also available as the combination phentermine/topiramate.
Sibutramine, formerly sold under the brand name Meridia among others, is an appetite suppressant which has been discontinued in many countries. It works as a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor similar to a tricyclic antidepressant. Until 2010, it was widely marketed and prescribed as an adjunct in the treatment of obesity along with diet and exercise. It has been associated with increased cardiovascular diseases and strokes and has been withdrawn from the market in 2010 in several countries and regions including Australia, Canada, China, the European Union, Hong Kong, India, Mexico, New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. However, the drug remains available in some countries.
Lumiracoxib is a COX-2 selective inhibitor nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
Off-label use is the use of pharmaceutical drugs for an unapproved indication or in an unapproved age group, dosage, or route of administration. Both prescription drugs and over-the-counter drugs (OTCs) can be used in off-label ways, although most studies of off-label use focus on prescription drugs.
Natalizumab, sold under the brand name Tysabri among others, is a medication used to treat multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease. It is a humanized monoclonal antibody against the cell adhesion molecule α4-integrin. It is given by intravenous infusion. The drug is believed to work by reducing the ability of inflammatory immune cells to attach to and pass through the cell layers lining the intestines and blood–brain barrier.
Gemtuzumab ozogamicin, sold under the brand name Mylotarg, is an antibody-drug conjugate that is used to treat acute myeloid leukemia.
Paliperidone, sold under the brand name Invega among others, is an atypical antipsychotic. It is mainly used to treat schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. It is marketed by Janssen Pharmaceuticals.
Dexfenfluramine, marketed as dexfenfluramine hydrochloride under the name Redux, is a serotonergic anorectic drug: it reduces appetite by increasing the amount of extracellular serotonin in the brain. It is the d-enantiomer of fenfluramine and is structurally similar to amphetamine, but lacks any psychologically stimulating effects.
Tocilizumab, sold under the brand name Actemra among others, is an immunosuppressive drug, used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, giant cell arteritis, cytokine release syndrome, COVID‑19, and systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD). It is a humanized monoclonal antibody against the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R). Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a cytokine that plays an important role in immune response and is implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, multiple myeloma and prostate cancer. Tocilizumab was jointly developed by Osaka University and Chugai, and was licensed in 2003 by Hoffmann-La Roche.
Lorcaserin, marketed under the brand name Belviq, was a weight-loss drug developed by Arena Pharmaceuticals. It reduces appetite by activating serotonin receptor the 5-HT2C receptor in the hypothalamus, a region of the brain which is known to control appetite. It was approved in 2012, and in 2020, it was removed from the market in the United States due to an increased risk of cancer detected in users of Belviq.
Aliskiren/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide, sold under the brand name Amturnide, is a fixed-dose combination medication that is used to treat high blood pressure. It contains aliskiren, a renin inhibitor; amlodipine, as the besylate, a calcium channel blocker; and hydrochlorothiazide, a thiazide diuretic. It is taken by mouth.
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