Tetrazepam

Last updated
Tetrazepam
Tetrazepam.svg
Tetrazepam3d.png
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com International Drug Names
Routes of
administration 		Oral
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Elimination half-life 3–26 hours
Identifiers
  • 7-chloro-5-(cyclohexen-1-yl)-1-methyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard 100.030.749 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Chemical and physical data
Formula C16H17ClN2O
Molar mass 288.77 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • CN1C(=O)CN=C(C2=C1C=CC(=C2)Cl)C3=CCCCC3
  • InChI=1S/C16H17ClN2O/c1-19-14-8-7-12(17)9-13(14)16(18-10-15(19)20)11-5-3-2-4-6-11/h5,7-9H,2-4,6,10H2,1H3 Yes check.svgY
  • Key:IQWYAQCHYZHJOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Yes check.svgY
   (verify)

Tetrazepam [2] (is marketed under the following brand names, Clinoxan, Epsipam, Myolastan, Musaril, Relaxam and Spasmorelax) is a benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and slightly hypnotic properties. It was formerly used mainly in Austria, France, Belgium, Germany and Spain to treat muscle spasm, anxiety disorders such as panic attacks, or more rarely to treat depression, premenstrual syndrome or agoraphobia. Tetrazepam has relatively little sedative effect at low doses while still producing useful muscle relaxation and anxiety relief. The Co-ordination Group for Mutual Recognition and Decentralised Procedures-Human (CMD(h)) endorsed the Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) recommendation to suspend the marketing authorisations of tetrazepam-containing medicines across the European Union (EU) in April 2013. [3] The European Commission has confirmed the suspension of the marketing authorisations for Tetrazepam in Europe because of cutaneous toxicity, effective from the 1 August 2013. [4]

Contents

Delayed type 4 allergic hypersensitivity reactions including maculopapular exanthema, erythematous rash, urticarial eruption, erythema multiforme, photodermatitis, eczema and Stevens–Johnson syndrome can occasionally occur as a result of tetrazepam exposure. These hypersensitivity reactions to tetrazepam share no cross-reactivity with other benzodiazepines. [5]

Indications

Tetrazepam is used therapeutically as a muscle relaxant. [6] [7]

Availability

The indicated adult dose for muscle spasm is 25 mg to 150 mg per day, increased if necessary to a maximum of 300 mg per day, in divided doses. Tetrazepam is not generally recommended for use in children, except on the advice of a specialist.

Tetrazepam is only available in one strength and formulation, 50 mg tablets. The benzodiazepine equivalent of tetrazepam is approximately 100 mg of tetrazepam = 10 mg of diazepam. [8]

Adverse effects

Allergic reactions to tetrazepam occasionally occur involving the skin. [5]

Allergic reactions can develop to tetrazepam [9] [10] and it is considered to be a potential allergen. [11] [12] Drug rash and drug-induced eosinophilia with systemic symptoms is a known complication of tetrazepam exposure. [13] [14] These hypersensitive allergic reactions can be of the delayed type. [15] [16] [17]

Toxic epidermal necrolysis has occurred from the use of tetrazepam [18] [19] including at least one reported death. [20] Stevens–Johnson syndrome and erythema multiforme has been reported from use of tetrazepam. Cross-reactivity with other benzodiazepines does not typically occur in such patients. [21] [22] [23] Exanthema [24] and eczema may occur. [25] The lack of cross-reactivity with other benzodiazepines is believed to be due to the molecular structure of tetrazepam. [26] [27] Photodermatitis [28] and phototoxicity have also been reported. [29] Occupational contact allergy can also develop from regularly handling tetrazepam. [30] [31] Airborne contact dermatitis can also occur as an allergy which can develop from occupational exposure. [32]

Patch test Epikutanni-test.jpg
Patch test

Patch testing has been used successfully to demonstrate tetrazepam allergy. [33] [34] Oral testing can also be used. Skin prick tests are not always accurate and may produce false negatives. [35]

Drowsiness is a common side effect of tetrazepam. [36] A reduction in muscle force can occur. [37] Myasthenia gravis, a condition characterised by severe muscle weakness is another potential adverse effect from tetrazepam. [38] Cardiovascular and respiratory adverse effects can occur with tetrazepam similar to other benzodiazepines. [27]

Tolerance, dependence and withdrawal

Prolonged use, as with all benzodiazepines, should be avoided, as tolerance occurs and there is a risk of benzodiazepine dependence and a benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome after stopping or reducing dosage. [27]

Overdose

Tetrazepam, like other benzodiazepines is a drug which is very frequently present in cases of overdose. These overdoses are often mixed overdoses, i.e. a mixture of other benzodiazepines or other drug classes with tetrazepam. [39] [40]

Contraindications and special caution

Benzodiazepines require special precaution if used in the elderly, during pregnancy, in children, alcohol or drug-dependent individuals and individuals with comorbid psychiatric disorders. [41]

Pharmacology

Tetrazepam is an unusual benzodiazepine in its molecular structure as it has cyclohexenyl group which has substituted the typical 5-phenyl moiety seen in other benzodiazepines. [42] Tetrazepam, is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, within 45 mins and reaches peak plasma levels in less than 2 hours. It is classed as an intermediate acting benzodiazepine with an elimination half-life of approximately 15 hours. It is primarily metabolised to the inactive metabolites 3-hydroxy-tetrazepam and nortetrazepam. [42] [43] The pharmacological effects of tetrazepam are significantly less potent when compared against diazepam, in animal studies. [44] Tetrazepam is a benzodiazepine site agonist and binds unselectively to type 1 and type 2 benzodiazepine site types as well as to peripheral benzodiazepine receptors. [45] The muscle relaxant properties of tetrazepam are most likely due to a reduction of calcium influx. [46] Small amounts of diazepam as well as the active metabolites of diazepam are produced from metabolism of tetrazepam. [47] [48] The metabolism of tetrazepam has led to false accusations of prisoners prescribed tetrazepam of taking illicit diazepam; this can lead to increased prison sentences for prisoners. [42]

Abuse

Tetrazepam as with other benzodiazepines is sometimes abused. It is sometimes abused to incapacitate a victim in order to carry out a drug-facilitated crime. [49] or abused in order to achieve a state of intoxication. [50] Tetrazepam's abuse for to carry out drug facilitated crimes may be less however, than other benzodiazepines due to its reduced hypnotic properties. [51]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stevens–Johnson syndrome</span> Skin disease

Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a type of severe skin reaction. Together with toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens–Johnson/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN), it forms a spectrum of disease, with SJS being less severe. Erythema multiforme (EM) is generally considered a separate condition. Early symptoms of SJS include fever and flu-like symptoms. A few days later, the skin begins to blister and peel, forming painful raw areas. Mucous membranes, such as the mouth, are also typically involved. Complications include dehydration, sepsis, pneumonia and multiple organ failure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diazepam</span> Benzodiazepine sedative

Diazepam, first marketed as Valium, is a medicine of the benzodiazepine family that acts as an anxiolytic. It is commonly used to treat a range of conditions, including anxiety, seizures, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, muscle spasms, insomnia, and restless legs syndrome. It may also be used to cause memory loss during certain medical procedures. It can be taken orally, as a suppository inserted into the rectum, intramuscularly, intravenously or used as a nasal spray. When injected intravenously, effects begin in one to five minutes and last up to an hour. Orally, effects begin after 15 to 60 minutes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lorazepam</span> Benzodiazepine medication

Lorazepam, sold under the brand name Ativan among others, is a benzodiazepine medication. It is used to treat anxiety, trouble sleeping, severe agitation, active seizures including status epilepticus, alcohol withdrawal, and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. It is also used during surgery to interfere with memory formation and to sedate those who are being mechanically ventilated. It is also used, along with other treatments, for acute coronary syndrome due to cocaine use. It can be given orally, intravenously (IV), or intramuscularly When given by injection, onset of effects is between one and thirty minutes and effects last for up to a day.

A muscle relaxant is a drug that affects skeletal muscle function and decreases the muscle tone. It may be used to alleviate symptoms such as muscle spasms, pain, and hyperreflexia. The term "muscle relaxant" is used to refer to two major therapeutic groups: neuromuscular blockers and spasmolytics. Neuromuscular blockers act by interfering with transmission at the neuromuscular end plate and have no central nervous system (CNS) activity. They are often used during surgical procedures and in intensive care and emergency medicine to cause temporary paralysis. Spasmolytics, also known as "centrally acting" muscle relaxant, are used to alleviate musculoskeletal pain and spasms and to reduce spasticity in a variety of neurological conditions. While both neuromuscular blockers and spasmolytics are often grouped together as muscle relaxant, the term is commonly used to refer to spasmolytics only.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Contact dermatitis</span> Human disease

Contact dermatitis is a type of acute or chronic inflammation of the skin caused by exposure to chemical or physical agents. Symptoms of contact dermatitis can include itchy or dry skin, a red rash, bumps, blisters, or swelling. These rashes are not contagious or life-threatening, but can be very uncomfortable.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oxazepam</span> Benzodiazepine medication

Oxazepam is a short-to-intermediate-acting benzodiazepine. Oxazepam is used for the treatment of anxiety and insomnia and in the control of symptoms of alcohol withdrawal syndrome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nordazepam</span> Benzodiazepine derivative medication

Nordazepam is a 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative. Like other benzodiazepine derivatives, it has amnesic, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, and sedative properties. However, it is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety disorders. It is an active metabolite of diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, clorazepate, prazepam, pinazepam, and medazepam.

Cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) is a mixture of closely related organic compounds derived from coconut oil and dimethylaminopropylamine. CAPB is available as a viscous pale yellow solution and it is used as a surfactant in personal care products and animal husbandry. The name reflects that the major part of the molecule, the lauric acid group, is derived from coconut oil. Cocamidopropyl betaine to a significant degree has replaced cocamide DEA.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clorazepate</span> Benzodiazepine medication

Clorazepate, sold under the brand name Tranxene among others, is a benzodiazepine medication. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, hypnotic, and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Clorazepate is an unusually long-lasting benzodiazepine and serves as a prodrug for the equally long-lasting desmethyldiazepam, which is rapidly produced as an active metabolite. Desmethyldiazepam is responsible for most of the therapeutic effects of clorazepate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Loprazolam</span> Benzodiazepine

Loprazolam (triazulenone) marketed under many brand names is a benzodiazepine medication. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It is licensed and marketed for the short-term treatment of moderately-severe insomnia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Camazepam</span> Chemical compound

Camazepam is a benzodiazepine psychoactive drug, marketed under the brand names Albego, Limpidon and Paxor. It is the dimethyl carbamate ester of temazepam, a metabolite of diazepam. While it possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, skeletal muscle relaxant and hypnotic properties it differs from other benzodiazepines in that its anxiolytic properties are particularly prominent but has comparatively limited anticonvulsant, hypnotic and skeletal muscle relaxant properties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tofisopam</span> Anxiolytic medication

Tofisopam is an anxiolytic that is marketed in several European countries. Chemically, it is a 2,3-benzodiazepine. Unlike other anxiolytic benzodiazepines however, tofisopam does not have anticonvulsant, sedative, skeletal muscle relaxant, motor skill-impairing or amnestic properties. While it may not be an anticonvulsant in and of itself, it has been shown to enhance the anticonvulsant action of classical 1,4-benzodiazepines and muscimol, but not sodium valproate, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, or phenytoin. Tofisopam is indicated for the treatment of anxiety and alcohol withdrawal, and is prescribed in a dosage of 50–300 mg per day divided into three doses. Peak plasma levels are attained two hours after an oral dose. Tofisopam is not reported as causing dependence to the same extent as other benzodiazepines, but is still recommended to be prescribed for a maximum of 12 weeks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fosazepam</span> Benzodiazepam

Fosazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative; it is a water soluble derivative of diazepam. It has sedative and anxiolytic effects, and is a derivative of diazepam which has been substituted with a dimethylphosphoryl group to improve solubility in water.

Amidoamines are a class of chemical compounds that are formed from fatty acids and amines. They are used as intermediates in the synthesis of surfactants, such as cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB), some of which are used in personal care products including soaps, shampoos, and cosmetics. Amidoamines can also serve as curing agents for epoxy resins. They are also used as oil well drilling fluids and also as corrosion inhibitors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chlorphenesin carbamate</span> Muscle relaxant drug

Chlorphenesin carbamate is a centrally acting muscle relaxant used to treat muscle pain and spasms. Chlorphenesin carbamate is no longer used for this purpose in most developed nations due to the availability of much safer spasmolytics such as benzodiazepines.

Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis(APD) occurs during the luteal phase of a woman's menstrual cycle and is an uncommon cyclic premenstrual reaction to progesterone. It can present itself in several ways, including eczema, erythema multiforme, urticaria, angioedema, and progesterone-induced anaphylaxis. The first case of autoimmune progesterone dermatitis was identified in 1964. Reproductive function may be impacted by APD.

Protein contact dermatitis is a cutaneous condition, and was a term originally used to describe an eczematous reaction to protein-containing material in food handlers. Usually affecting the hands or forearms, it manifests clinically as a subacute or chronic dermatitis that recurs frequently over time. Niels Hjorth and Jytte Roed-Petersen coined the phrase "protein contact dermatitis" in 1976.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iodopropynyl butylcarbamate</span> Chemical compound

Iodopropynyl Butyl Carbamate (IPBC) is a water-soluble preservative used globally in the paints & coatings, wood preservatives, personal care, and cosmetics industries. IPBC is a member of the carbamate family of biocides. IPBC was invented in the 1970s and has a long history of effective use as an antifungal technology.

NSAIDhypersensitivity reactions encompass a broad range of allergic or allergic-like symptoms that occur within minutes to hours after ingesting aspirin or other NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Hypersensitivity drug reactions differ from drug toxicity reactions in that drug toxicity reactions result from the pharmacological action of a drug, are dose-related, and can occur in any treated individual. Hypersensitivity reactions are idiosyncratic reactions to a drug. Although the term NSAID was introduced to signal a comparatively low risk of adverse effects, NSAIDs do evoke a broad range of hypersensitivity syndromes. These syndromes have recently been classified by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Task Force on NSAIDs Hypersensitivity.

The p-i concept refers to the pharmacological interaction of drugs with immune receptors. It explains a form of drug hypersensitivity, namely T cell stimulation, which can lead to various acute inflammatory manifestations such as exanthems, eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal nercrolysis, and complications upon withdrawing the drug.

References

  1. ↑ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
  2. ↑ NL Patent 6600095
  3. ↑ Recommendation to suspend tetrazepam-containing medicines endorsed by CMDh, European Medicines Agency, published 29 April 2013
  4. ↑ Ruhen der Zuhlassung aller Tetrazepam-haltiger Arzneimittel, Sanofi-Avensis Deutschland GmbH (German), published June 2013
  5. 1 2 Thomas E, Bellón T, Barranco P, Padial A, Tapia B, Morel E, et al. (2008). "Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis due to tetrazepam" (PDF). Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology. 18 (2): 119–22. PMID   18447141.
  6. ↑ Simiand J, Keane PE, Biziere K, Soubrie P (January 1989). "Comparative study in mice of tetrazepam and other centrally active skeletal muscle relaxants". Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. 297: 272–85. PMID   2567153.
  7. ↑ Perez-Guerrero C, Herrera MD, Marhuenda E (November 1996). "Relaxant effect of tetrazepam on rat uterine smooth muscle: role of calcium movement". The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 48 (11): 1169–73. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1996.tb03915.x. PMID   8961167. S2CID   38144317.
  8. ↑ "Benzodiazepine Names". non-benzodiazepines.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2008-12-08. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
  9. ↑ Camarasa JG, Serra-Baldrich E (April 1990). "Tetrazepam allergy detected by patch test". Contact Dermatitis. 22 (4): 246. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1990.tb01587.x. PMID   2140761. S2CID   26973793.
  10. ↑ Collet E, Dalac S, Morvan C, Sgro C, Lambert D (April 1992). "Tetrazepam allergy once more detected by patch test". Contact Dermatitis. 26 (4): 281. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1992.tb00259.x. PMID   1356710. S2CID   43750783.
  11. ↑ Ortiz-Frutos FJ, Alonso J, Hergueta JP, Quintana I, Iglesias L (July 1995). "Tetrazepam: an allergen with several clinical expressions". Contact Dermatitis. 33 (1): 63–5. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1995.tb00462.x. PMID   7493477. S2CID   41533643.
  12. ↑ Del Pozo MD, Blasco A, Lobera T (November 1999). "Tetrazepam allergy". Allergy. 54 (11): 1226–7. doi:10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00362.x. PMID   10604563. S2CID   46139378.
  13. ↑ Dinić-Uzurov V, Lalosević V, Milosević I, Urosević I, Lalosević D, Popović S (November 2007). "[Current differential diagnosis of hypereosinophilic syndrome]". Medicinski Pregled. 60 (11–12): 581–6. doi:10.2298/MPNS0712581D. PMID   18666600.
  14. ↑ Bachmeyer C, Assier H, Roujeau JC, Blum L (July 2008). "Probable drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome related to tetrazepam". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 22 (7): 887–9. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02490.x. PMID   18031497. S2CID   12775035.
  15. ↑ Blanco R, Díez-Gómez ML, Gala G, Quirce S (November 1997). "Delayed hypersensitivity to tetrazepam". Allergy. 52 (11): 1146–7. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb00194.x. PMID   9404574. S2CID   5381089.
  16. ↑ Ortega NR, Barranco P, López Serrano C, Romualdo L, Mora C (February 1996). "Delayed cell-mediated hypersensitivity to tetrazepam". Contact Dermatitis. 34 (2): 139. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02147.x. PMID   8681544. S2CID   46147524.
  17. ↑ Kämpgen E, Bürger T, Bröcker EB, Klein CE (November 1995). "Cross-reactive type IV hypersensitivity reactions to benzodiazepines revealed by patch testing". Contact Dermatitis. 33 (5): 356–7. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1995.tb02060.x. PMID   8565501. S2CID   23398517.
  18. ↑ Delesalle F, Carpentier O, Guatier S, Delaporte E (April 2006). "Toxic epidermal necrolysis caused by tetrazepam". International Journal of Dermatology. 45 (4): 480. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.02654.x. PMID   16650186. S2CID   221815580.
  19. ↑ Wolf R, Orion E, Davidovici B (October 2006). "Toxic epidermal necrolysis caused by tetrazepam". International Journal of Dermatology. 45 (10): 1260–1. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.03061.x. PMID   17040464. S2CID   221815889.
  20. ↑ Lagnaoui R, Ramanampamonjy R, Julliac B, Haramburu F, Ticolat R (March 2001). "[Fatal toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with tetrazepam". Therapie. 56 (2): 187–8. PMID   11471372.
  21. ↑ Pirker C, Misic A, Brinkmeier T, Frosch PJ (September 2002). "Tetrazepam drug sensitivity -- usefulness of the patch test". Contact Dermatitis. 47 (3): 135–8. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0536.2002.470302.x. PMID   12492544. S2CID   5932398.
  22. ↑ Sánchez I, García-Abujeta JL, Fernández L, Rodríguez F, Quiñones D, Duque S, et al. (2 March 1998). "Stevens-Johnson syndrome from tetrazepam". Allergologia et Immunopathologia. 26 (2): 55–7. PMID   9645262. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
  23. ↑ Rodríguez Vázquez M, Ortiz de Frutos J, del Río Reyes R, Iglesias Díez L (September 2000). "[Erythema multiforme by tetrazepam]". Medicina Clinica. 115 (9): 359. doi:10.1016/s0025-7753(00)71559-4. PMID   11093904.
  24. ↑ Ghislain PD, Roussel S, Bouffioux B, Delescluse J (December 2000). "[Tetrazepam (Myolastan)-induced exanthema: positive patch tests in 2 cases]". Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie. 127 (12): 1094–6. PMID   11173688.
  25. ↑ Breuer K, Worm M, Skudlik C, Schröder C, John SM (October 2009). "Occupational airborne contact allergy to tetrazepam in a geriatric nurse". Journal of the German Society of Dermatology. 7 (10): 896–8. doi:10.1111/j.1610-0387.2009.07096.x. PMID   19453384. S2CID   29339528.
  26. ↑ Barbaud A, Girault PY, Schmutz JL, Weber-Muller F, Trechot P (July 2009). "No cross-reactions between tetrazepam and other benzodiazepines: a possible chemical explanation". Contact Dermatitis. 61 (1): 53–6. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01558.x. PMID   19659970. S2CID   205813960.
  27. 1 2 3 Cabrerizo Ballesteros S, Méndez Alcalde JD, Sánchez Alonso A (2007). "Erythema multiforme to tetrazepam" (PDF). Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology. 17 (3): 205–6. PMID   17583114.
  28. ↑ Quiñones D, Sanchez I, Alonso S, Garcia-Abujeta JL, Fernandez L, Rodriguez F, et al. (August 1998). "Photodermatitis from tetrazepam". Contact Dermatitis. 39 (2): 84. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05840.x. PMID   9746190. S2CID   40771488.
  29. ↑ Schwedler S, Mempel M, Schmidt T, Abeck D, Ring J (1998). "Phototoxicity to tetrazepam - A new adverse reaction". Dermatology. 197 (2): 193–4. PMID   9840980.
  30. ↑ Choquet-Kastylevsky G, Testud F, Chalmet P, Lecuyer-Kudela S, Descotes J (June 2001). "Occupational contact allergy to tetrazepam". Contact Dermatitis. 44 (6): 372. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.440609-7.x. PMID   11417526.
  31. ↑ Lepp U, Zabel P, Greinert U (November 2003). "Occupational airborne contact allergy to tetrazepam". Contact Dermatitis. 49 (5): 260–1. doi:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2003.0225c.x. PMID   14996051. S2CID   11238687.
  32. ↑ Ferran M, Giménez-Arnau A, Luque S, Berenguer N, Iglesias M, Pujol RM (March 2005). "Occupational airborne contact dermatitis from sporadic exposure to tetrazepam during machine maintenance". Contact Dermatitis. 52 (3): 173–4. doi:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.0548o.x. PMID   15811045. S2CID   30499424.
  33. ↑ Barbaud A, Gonçalo M, Bruynzeel D, Bircher A (December 2001). "Guidelines for performing skin tests with drugs in the investigation of cutaneous adverse drug reactions". Contact Dermatitis. 45 (6): 321–8. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.450601.x . PMID   11846746. S2CID   10780935.
  34. ↑ Barbaud A, Trechot P, Reichert-Penetrat S, Granel F, Schmutz JL (April 2001). "The usefulness of patch testing on the previously most severely affected site in a cutaneous adverse drug reaction to tetrazepam". Contact Dermatitis. 44 (4): 259–60. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.440409-15.x. PMID   11336014. S2CID   40786622.
  35. ↑ Sánchez-Morillas L, Laguna-Martínez JJ, Reaño-Martos M, Rojo-Andrés E, Ubeda PG (2008). "Systemic dermatitis due to tetrazepam" (PDF). Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology. 18 (5): 404–6. PMID   18973107.
  36. ↑ Rode G, Maupas E, Luaute J, Courtois-Jacquin S, Boisson D (May 2003). "[Medical treatment of spasticity]". Neuro-Chirurgie. 49 (2–3 Pt 2): 247–55. PMID   12746699.
  37. ↑ Lobisch M, Schaffler K, Wauschkuhn H, Nickel B (March 1996). "[Clinical pilot study of the myogenic effects of flupirtine in comparison to tetrazepam and placebo]". Arzneimittel-Forschung. 46 (3): 293–8. PMID   8901152.
  38. ↑ Vargas Ortega I, Canora Lebrato J, Díez Ruiz A, Rico Irles J (December 2000). "[Myasthenia gravis after tetrazepam treatment]". Anales de Medicina Interna. 17 (12): 669. doi: 10.4321/s0212-71992000001200016 . PMID   11213590.
  39. ↑ Zevzikovas A, Bertulyte A, Dirse V, Ivanauskas L (2003). "[Determination of benzodiazepine derivatives mixture by high performance liquid chromatography]". Medicina. 39 (Suppl 2): 30–6. PMID   14617855.
  40. ↑ Zevzikovas A, Kiliuviene G, Ivanauskas L, Dirse V (2002). "[Analysis of benzodiazepine derivative mixture by gas-liquid chromatography]" (PDF). Medicina (in Lithuanian). 38 (3): 316–20. PMID   12474705. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
  41. ↑ Authier N, Balayssac D, Sautereau M, Zangarelli A, Courty P, Somogyi AA, et al. (November 2009). "Benzodiazepine dependence: focus on withdrawal syndrome". Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises. 67 (6): 408–13. doi:10.1016/j.pharma.2009.07.001. PMID   19900604.
  42. 1 2 3 Pavlic M, Libiseller K, Grubwieser P, Schubert H, Rabl W (May 2007). "Medicolegal aspects of tetrazepam metabolism". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 121 (3): 169–74. doi:10.1007/s00414-006-0118-6. PMID   17021899. S2CID   32405914.
  43. ↑ Baumgärtner MG, Cautreels W, Langenbahn H (1984). "Biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of tetrazepam in man". Arzneimittel-Forschung. 34 (6): 724–9. PMID   6148954.
  44. ↑ Keane PE, Simiand J, Morre M, Biziere K (May 1988). "Tetrazepam: a benzodiazepine which dissociates sedation from other benzodiazepine activities. I. Psychopharmacological profile in rodents". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 245 (2): 692–8. PMID   2896794.
  45. ↑ Keane PE, Bachy A, Morre M, Biziere K (May 1988). "Tetrazepam: a benzodiazepine which dissociates sedation from other benzodiazepine activities. II. In vitro and in vivo interactions with benzodiazepine binding sites". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 245 (2): 699–705. PMID   2896795.
  46. ↑ Pérez-Guerrero C, Suárez J, Herrera MD, Marhuenda E (May 1997). "Spasmolytic effects of tetrazepam on rat duodenum and guinea-pig ileum". Pharmacological Research. 35 (5): 493–7. doi:10.1006/phrs.1997.0173. PMID   9299217.
  47. ↑ Baumann A, Lohmann W, Schubert B, Oberacher H, Karst U (April 2009). "Metabolic studies of tetrazepam based on electrochemical simulation in comparison to in vivo and in vitro methods". Journal of Chromatography A. 1216 (15): 3192–8. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.001. PMID   19233363.
  48. ↑ Schubert B, Pavlic M, Libiseller K, Oberacher H (December 2008). "Unraveling the metabolic transformation of tetrazepam to diazepam with mass spectrometric methods". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 392 (7–8): 1299–308. doi:10.1007/s00216-008-2447-4. PMID   18949465. S2CID   10967477.
  49. ↑ Concheiro M, Villain M, Bouchet S, Ludes B, López-Rivadulla M, Kintz P (October 2005). "Windows of detection of tetrazepam in urine, oral fluid, beard, and hair, with a special focus on drug-facilitated crimes". Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 27 (5): 565–70. doi:10.1097/01.ftd.0000164610.14808.45. PMID   16175127. S2CID   45605607.
  50. ↑ Kintz P, Villain M, Concheiro M, Cirimele V (June 2005). "Screening and confirmatory method for benzodiazepines and hypnotics in oral fluid by LC-MS/MS". Forensic Science International. 150 (2–3): 213–20. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.12.040. PMID   15944062.
  51. ↑ Laloup M, Fernandez M, Wood M, Maes V, De Boeck G, Vanbeckevoort Y, et al. (August 2007). "Detection of diazepam in urine, hair and preserved oral fluid samples with LC-MS-MS after single and repeated administration of Myolastan and Valium". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 388 (7): 1545–56. doi:10.1007/s00216-007-1297-9. PMID   17468852. S2CID   19256926.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.