Butalbital

Butalbital

Clinical data
Other names	5-allyl-5-isobutylbarbituric acid
AHFS/Drugs.com	Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information
MedlinePlus	a601009
Routes of administration	By mouth
Drug class	Barbiturate
ATC code	none
Legal status
Legal status	BR: Class B1 (Psychoactive drugs) [1] CA: Schedule IV DE: Anlage II (Authorized trade only, not prescriptible) UK: Class B US: Schedule III UN: Psychotropic Schedule III
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	20-45%
Metabolism	Liver mainly CYP3A4
Elimination half-life	35 hours [2]
Excretion	Kidney
Identifiers
IUPAC name 5-(2-Methylpropyl)-5-(2-propenyl)-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione
CAS Number	77-26-9  Y
PubChem CID	2481
IUPHAR/BPS	7138
DrugBank	DB00241  Y
ChemSpider	2387  Y
UNII	KHS0AZ4JVK
KEGG	D03182  Y
ChEBI	CHEBI:102524  Y
ChEMBL	ChEMBL454  Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID6022711
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.926
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C11H16N2O3
Molar mass	224.260 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
SMILES O=C1NC(=O)NC(=O)C1(CC(C)C)C\C=C
InChI InChI=1S/C11H16N2O3/c1-4-5-11(6-7(2)3)8(14)12-10(16)13-9(11)15/h4,7H,1,5-6H2,2-3H3,(H2,12,13,14,15,16) Y Key:UZVHFVZFNXBMQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
(verify)

Butalbital is a barbiturate with an intermediate duration of action. Butalbital is often combined with other medications, such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) (as butalbital/acetaminophen) or aspirin, for the treatment of pain and headache. The various formulations combined with codeine are FDA-approved for the treatment of tension headaches. Butalbital has the same chemical formula as talbutal but a different structure—one that presents as 5-allyl-5-isobutylbarbituric acid. ^[3]

Available forms

Combinations include:^{[ citation needed ]}

• Butalbital/acetaminophen, Butalbital and acetaminophen (paracetamol), (trade names: Axocet, Bucet, Bupap, Cephadyn, Dolgic, Phrenilin, Forte, Sedapap)
• Butalbital/paracetamol/caffeine (trade names: Fioricet, Esgic, Esgic-Plus, Orbivan, Fiormor, Fiortal, Fortabs, Laniroif)
• Butalbital/caffeine/codeine (trade name: Fioricet#3 with Codeine)
• Butalbital/aspirin (trade name: Axotal)
• Butalbital/aspirin/caffeine (trade name: Fiorinal)
• Butalbital/aspirin/caffeine/codeine (trade name: Fiorinal#3 with Codeine)
• Ergotamine/caffeine/butalbital/belladonna alkaloids (trade name: Cafergot-PB)

Contraindications

There are specific treatments which are appropriate for targeting migraines and headaches. ^[4] Butalbital is not recommended as a first-line treatment because it impairs alertness, brings risk of dependence and addiction, and increases the risk that episodic headaches will become chronic. ^[5] When other treatments are unavailable or ineffective, butalbital may be appropriate if the patient can be monitored to prevent the development of chronic headache. ^[5]

Side effects

Side effects for butalbital is usually well tolerated. Commonly reported side effects for butalbital, some of which tend to subside with continued use, include:^{[ citation needed ]}

• Dizziness
• Respiratory depression
• Drowsiness
• Intoxicated feeling
• Lightheadedness
• Nausea
• Sedation
• Euphoria
• Severe impairment of judgment
• Diarrhea
• Memory Loss
• Constipation

Rare side effects include Stevens–Johnson syndrome, an adverse reaction to barbiturates, and anaphylaxis.

The risk and severity of all side effects is greatly increased when butalbital are combined with other sedatives (e.g., alcohol, opioids, benzodiazepines, antihistamines). Butalbital when taken with sedatives can cause life-threatening respiratory depression and death. Inhibitors of the hepatic enzyme CYP3A4 may also increase the risk, severity, and duration of side effects, many drugs inhibit this enzyme as do some foods such as grapefruit and the blood orange.^{[ citation needed ]}

Butalbital can cause dependence or addiction.^{[ citation needed ]}

Interactions

Mixing with alcohol, benzodiazepines, and other depressants increases the risk of intoxication, increases respiratory depression, and increases liver toxicity when in combination with paracetamol (acetaminophen). Use of butalbital and alcohol, benzodiazepines, and other depressants can contribute to coma, and in extreme cases, fatality.^{[ citation needed ]}

References

1. Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
2. "Butalbital and Acetaminophen - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses". drugs.com. Archived from the original on 2018-01-21.
3. DE Patent 526854
4. American Academy of Neurology (February 2013), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation , American Academy of Neurology, archived from the original on September 1, 2013, retrieved August 1, 2013, which cites
   • Silberstein SD (September 2000). "Practice parameter: evidence-based guidelines for migraine headache (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology". Neurology. 55 (6): 754–62. doi: 10.1212/WNL.55.6.754 . PMID   10993991.
   • Evers S, Afra J, Frese A, Goadsby PJ, Linde M, May A, Sándor PS (September 2009). "EFNS guideline on the drug treatment of migraine--revised report of an EFNS task force". European Journal of Neurology. 16 (9): 968–81. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02748.x . PMID   19708964. S2CID   9204782.
   • Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (2011), Headache, Diagnosis and Treatment of, Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement, archived from the original on 2013-10-29, retrieved 2013-10-24
5. American Headache Society (September 2013), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation , American Headache Society, archived from the original on 3 December 2013, retrieved 10 December 2013, which cites
   • Bigal ME, Lipton RB (April 2009). "Excessive opioid use and the development of chronic migraine". Pain. 142 (3): 179–82. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2009.01.013. PMID   19232469. S2CID   27949021.
   • Bigal ME, Serrano D, Buse D, Scher A, Stewart WF, Lipton RB (September 2008). "Acute migraine medications and evolution from episodic to chronic migraine: a longitudinal population-based study". Headache. 48 (8): 1157–68. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01217.x . PMID   18808500. S2CID   17358333.
   • Scher AI, Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Lipton RB (November 2003). "Factors associated with the onset and remission of chronic daily headache in a population-based study". Pain. 106 (1–2): 81–9. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00293-8. PMID   14581114. S2CID   29000302.
   • Katsarava Z, Schneeweiss S, Kurth T, Kroener U, Fritsche G, Eikermann A, et al. (March 2004). "Incidence and predictors for chronicity of headache in patients with episodic migraine". Neurology. 62 (5): 788–90. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000113747.18760.D2. PMID   15007133. S2CID   20759425.

External links

• Butalbital Archived 2008-10-14 at the Wayback Machine , Online Medical Dictionary
• Butalbital and Acetaminophen (Systemic) (archive), MedicinePlus Drug Information
• Controlled Substances in Schedule III, (archive), U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration