Glutethimide

Last updated
Glutethimide
Glutethimide.svg
Glutethimide ball-and-stick model.png
Clinical data
Trade names Doriden, Elrodorm, Noxyron, others
Pregnancy
category
  • C: (United States)
Dependence
liability 		Moderate - high
Routes of
administration 		By mouth
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability Variable (Tmax = 1–6 hours) [2]
Protein binding ~50%
Metabolism Extensive hepatic
Elimination half-life 8–12 hours
Excretion Renal
Identifiers
  • 3-ethyl-3-phenyl-piperidine-2,6-dione
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.921 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Chemical and physical data
Formula C13H15NO2
Molar mass 217.268 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point 84 °C (183 °F)
Solubility in water 999 mg/L (30 °C/86 °F) mg/mL (20 °C)
  • O=C1NC(CCC1(CC)C2=CC=CC=C2)=O
  • InChI=1S/C13H15NO2/c1-2-13(10-6-4-3-5-7-10)9-8-11(15)14-12(13)16/h3-7H,2,8-9H2,1H3,(H,14,15,16) Yes check.svgY
  • Key:JMBQKKAJIKAWKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Yes check.svgY
   (verify)

Glutethimide is a sedative-hypnotic medication introduced in 1954 by Ciba Specialty Chemicals, and marketed as Doriden in the United States beginning in the late 1950s. [3] Initially thought a safer alternative to barbiturates in the treatment of insomnia, glutethimide was found to have a similar liability for addiction, abuse, and dependency as barbiturates and similar non--barbiturate depressants, including the sedatives methaqualone, ethinamate, ethchlorvynol, and methyprylon. Abrupt cessation of glutethimide use results in rebound effects similar those found in barbiturate withdrawal.

Contents

Doriden was manufactured as a scored, white tablet containing 500 mg of glutethimide, and was available in the United States until 1993, after which commercial production was discontinued, and in Hungary in 2006. Since 2013, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration has limited annual production to three grams, equivalent to six Doriden tablets, suggesting current use is limited to small-scale research.[ citation needed ]

Glutethimide DOJ.jpg

Mechanism of Action Leading to Recreational Use

Glutethimide is a CYP2D6 enzyme inducer, enabling the body to convert higher amounts of codeine to morphine, frequently leading to s users ingesting the substance with Tylenol 4 (codeine/acetaminophen), often overdosing on the resulting morphine. colloquially, this combination was referred to as "Cibas and codeine", "hits," "pancakes and syrup," or "Dors and 4s," and was known to be a highly potent and often lethal, resulting in fatal respiratory depression. [4] [5]

The drug became increasingly harder to access in the 1970s, increasing demand for glutethimide in such urban centers as Boston, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, New York City, Baltimore, and Newark, New Jersey, leading to small-scale clandestine synthesis of glutethimide beginning in 1984, when methaqualone was fully withdrawan from the U.S. market and nearly impossible to access. [6] : 203 

Prescription Use

Doriden was commonly prescribed as a sleeping pull until the 1970s, when prescriptions gradually began to decline. Following long-term use, abrupt withdrawal of glutethimide was found to produce rebound effects resembling those of barbiturate withdrawal; anecdotally, patients consistently taking stable doses of the drug long-term have reported symptoms including delirium, hallucinosis, convulsions, and fever. [7]

Clinical Use and Research

Glutethimide's effect on quickening the conversion of codeine to morphine was studied clinically, including some research in the 1970s in various countries of using it under carefully monitored circumstances as a form of oral opioid agonist substitution therapy, particularly as a Substitutionmittel that may be a useful alternative to methadone. [8] [9]

Discontinuation

Commercial production of glutethimide was discontinued in the U.S. in 1993, followed by several Eastern European countries in 2006, notably Hungary. Analysis of confiscated glutethimide seems to invariably show the drug or the results of attempted synthesis, as opposed to being "laced" with similar depressants. [6]

United States

Glutethimide is a Schedule II drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. [10] It was originally a Schedule III drug in the United States under the Controlled Substances Act, but in 1991 it was upgraded to Schedule II, [11] several years after it was discovered that misuse combined with codeine increased the effect of the codeine and deaths had resulted from the combination. [12] [13] It has a DEA ACSCN of 2550 and a 2013 production quota of 3 g.

Synthesis

The (R) isomer has a faster onset and more potent anticonvulsant activity in animal models than the (S) isomer. [14]

Thieme Synthesis: Patent: Glutethimide synthesis.svg
Thieme Synthesis: Patent:

The base catalyzed conjugate addition of 2-phenylbutyronitrile [769-68-6] (1) to ethyl acrylate (2) gives ethyl 4-cyano-4-phenylhexanoate, CID:139890735 (3). Alkaline hydrolysis of the nitrile group into an amide group, and subsequent acidic cyclization of the product affords the desired glutethimide (4).

See also

References

  1. ↑ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
  2. ↑ Barceloux DG (2012). Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse: Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive Plants. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 492–493. ISBN   978-0-471-72760-6. OCLC   814224300.
  3. 1 2 USpatent 2673205,Hoffmann K, Tagmann E,"3-Disubstituted Dioxopiperidines and the Manufacture thereof",issued 23 March 1954, assigned to CIBA
  4. ↑ Shamoian CA (1975). "Codeine and glutethimide. Euphoretic, addicting combination". New York State Journal of Medicine. 75 (1): 97–99. PMID   1053824.
  5. ↑ Havier RG, Lin R (April 1985). "Deaths as a result of a combination of codeine and glutethimide". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 30 (2): 563–6. doi:10.1520/JFS11840J. PMID   3998703. S2CID   45780806.
  6. 1 2 Gahlinger P (2003). "Methaqualone and Glutethimide". Illegal Drugs: A Complete Guide to Their History, Chemistry, Use, and Abuse. ISBN   9780452285057. OCLC   52269170.
  7. ↑ Cookson JC (September 1995). "Rebound exacerbation of anxiety during prolonged tranquilizer ingestion". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 88 (9): 544. PMC   1295346 . PMID   7562864.
  8. ↑ Popa D, Loghin F, Imre S, Curea E (August 2003). "The study of codeine-gluthetimide pharmacokinetic interaction in rats". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 32 (4–5): 867–77. doi:10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00189-4. PMID   12899973.
  9. ↑ Khajawall AM, Sramek JJ, Simpson GM (August 1982). "'Loads' alert". The Western Journal of Medicine. 137 (2): 166–8. PMC   1274052 . PMID   7135952.
  10. ↑ "List of psychotropic substances under international control" (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-31.
  11. ↑ "Section 1308.12 Schedules of Controlled Substances". Title 21 Code of Federal Regulations. Drug Enforcement Administration. Archived from the original on 2015-08-04. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
  12. ↑ Havier RG, Lin R (April 1985). "Deaths as a result of a combination of codeine and glutethimide". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 30 (2): 563–6. doi:10.1520/JFS11840J. PMID   3998703. S2CID   45780806.
  13. ↑ Feuer E, French J (February 1984). "Descriptive epidemiology of mortality in New Jersey due to combinations of codeine and glutethimide". American Journal of Epidemiology. 119 (2): 202–7. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113738. PMID   6695899.
  14. ↑ Houlihan WJ, Bennett GB (January 1977). "Anti-Anxiety Agents, Anticonvulsants and Sedative-Hypnotics". Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry. 12. Academic Press: 10–19. doi:10.1016/S0065-7743(08)61540-7.
  15. ↑ Tagmann E, Sury E, Hoffmann K (1952). "Über Alkylenimin-Derivate. 2. Mitteilung". Helvetica Chimica Acta. 35 (5): 1541–1548. doi:10.1002/hlca.19520350516.
  16. ↑ Salmon-Legagneur F, Neveu C (January 1952). "Sur Les Acides Alpha-Phenyl Alpha-Alcoyl (Ou Phenoalcoyl) Glutariques". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. 234 (10): 1060–2.
  17. ↑ Salmon-Legagneur F, Neveu C (1953). "Sur Les Acides Alpha-Phenyl Alpha-Alcoyl (Ou Phenoalcoyl) Glutariques". Bull. Soc. Chim. France: 70.
  18. ↑ DEpatent 950193,Hoffmann K Tagmann E,"Verfahren zur Herstellung neuer Dioxopiperidine",issued 4 October 1956, assigned to CIBA
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