1,4-Butanediol

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Contents

1,4-Butanediol
1,4-butanediol.svg
1,4-Butanediol-3D-balls.png
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Butane-1,4-diol
Other names
Tetramethylene glycol
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
DrugBank
ECHA InfoCard 100.003.443 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 203-786-5
PubChem CID
RTECS number
  • EK0525000
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C4H10O2/c5-3-1-2-4-6/h5-6H,1-4H2 Yes check.svgY
    Key: WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/C4H10O2/c5-3-1-2-4-6/h5-6H,1-4H2
  • OCCCCO
  • C(CCO)CO
Properties [1] [2]
C4H10O2
Molar mass 90.122 g·mol−1
Density 1.0171 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting point 20.1 °C (68.2 °F; 293.2 K)
Boiling point 235 °C (455 °F; 508 K)
Miscible
Solubility in ethanolSoluble
-61.5·10−6 cm3/mol
1.4460 (20 °C)
Hazards [3] [4]
GHS labelling:
GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg
Warning
H302, H336
P261, P264, P270, P271, P301+P312, P304+P340, P312, P330, P403+P233, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704.svgHealth 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentineFlammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oilInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
1
1
0
Flash point (open cup)121 °C (250 °F; 394 K)
350 °C (662 °F; 623 K)
Related compounds
Related butanediols
1,2-Butanediol
1,3-Butanediol
2,3-Butanediol
cis-Butene-1,4-diol
Related compounds
 Succinaldehyde
Succinic acid
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Yes check.svgY  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

1,4-Butanediol, also called Butane-1,4-diol, is a primary alcohol and an organic compound with the formula HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH. It is a colorless viscous liquid first synthesized in 1890 via acidic hydrolysis of N,N'-dinitro-1,4-butanediamine by Dutch chemist Pieter Johannes Dekkers, who called it "tetramethylene glycol". [5] [6]

Synthesis

In industrial chemical synthesis, acetylene reacts with two equivalents of formaldehyde to form butyne-1,4-diol. Hydrogenation of butyne-1,4-diol gives butane-1,4-diol. [7] It is also made on an industrial scale from maleic anhydride in the Davy process, which is first converted to the methyl maleate ester, then hydrogenated. Other routes are from butadiene, allyl acetate and succinic acid.

A biological route to BD has been commercialized that uses a genetically modified organism. [8] The biosynthesis proceeds via 4-hydroxybutyrate.

Industrial use

Butane-1,4-diol is used industrially as a solvent and in the manufacture of some types of plastics, elastic fibers and polyurethanes. In organic chemistry, 1,4-butanediol is used for the synthesis of γ-butyrolactone (GBL). In the presence of phosphoric acid and high temperature, it dehydrates to the important solvent tetrahydrofuran. [9] At about 200 °C in the presence of soluble ruthenium catalysts, the diol undergoes dehydrogenation to form butyrolactone. [10] It is used to synthesize 1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether which is then used as a reactive diluent for epoxy resins. [11]

1,4-Butanediol is used in the production of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) plastic. [12]

World production of butane-1,4-diol was claimed to be about one million metric tons per year and market price is about US$ 2,000 (€1,600) per ton (2005). In 2013, worldwide production was claimed to be billions of lbs (consistent with approximately one million metric tons). [13]

Almost half of it is dehydrated to tetrahydrofuran to make fibers such as Spandex. [14] The largest producer is BASF. [15]

Use as a recreational drug

FDA warning against products containing GHB and its prodrugs, such as butane-1,4-diol. Dangerous dietary supplements.gif
FDA warning against products containing GHB and its prodrugs, such as butane-1,4-diol.

Butane-1,4-diol is also used as a recreational drug known by some users as "One Comma Four", "Liquid Fantasy", "One Four Bee" or "One Four B-D-O". A few Federal Courts have stated that 1,4-butanediol exerts effects similar to gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) [which is a metabolic product of 1,4-butanediol], but several other Federal courts have ruled that it does not.

Pharmacokinetics

Butane-1,4-diol is rapidly converted into gamma-hydroxybutyric acid by the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, and differing levels of these enzymes may account for differences in effects and side effects between users. [16] While co-administration of ethanol and GHB already poses serious risks, co-administration of ethanol with 1,4-butanediol will interact considerably and has many other potential risks. This is because the same enzymes that are responsible for metabolizing alcohol also metabolize 1,4-butanediol so there is a strong chance of a dangerous drug interaction. [16] [17] Emergency room patients who overdose on both ethanol and 1,4-butanediol often present with symptoms of alcohol intoxication initially and as the ethanol is metabolized the 1,4-butanediol is then able to better compete for the enzyme and a second period of intoxication ensues as the 1,4-butanediol is converted into GHB. [16]

Metabolic pathway of butane-1,4-diol, g-butyrolactone and g-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). GHB metabolic pathway.svg
Metabolic pathway of butane-1,4-diol, γ-butyrolactone and γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB).

Pharmacodynamics

Butane-1,4-diol seems to have two types of pharmacological actions. The major psychoactive effects of 1,4-butanediol are because it is metabolized into GHB; however there is a study suggesting that 1,4-butanediol may have potential alcohol-like pharmacological effects on its own. [17] The study arrived at this conclusion based on the finding that butane-1,4-diol coadministered with ethanol led to potentiation of some of the behavioral effects of ethanol. However, potentiation of ethanol's effects may simply be caused by competition for the alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes with co-administered 1,4-butanediol. The shared metabolic rate-limiting steps thus leads to slowed metabolism and clearance for both compounds including ethanol's known toxic metabolite acetaldehyde.

Another study found no effect following intracerebroventricular injection of butane-1,4-diol in rats. [18] This contradicts the hypothesis of butane-1,4-diol having inherent alcohol-like pharmacological effects.

Like gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, butane-1,4-diol is safe only in small amounts. Adverse effects in higher doses include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, sedation, vertigo, and potentially death if ingested in large amounts. Anxiolytic effects are diminished and side effects increased when used in combination with alcohol.

Legality

While butane-1,4-diol is not currently scheduled federally in the United States, [19] a number of states have classified 1,4-butanediol as a controlled substance. Individuals have been prosecuted for possession of 1,4-butanediol under the Federal Analog Act as substantially similar to GHB. [20] A federal case in New York in 2002 ruled that 1,4-butanediol could not be considered an analog of GHB under federal law, [21] but that decision was later overturned by the Second Circuit. [22] A jury in Federal District Court in Chicago found that 1,4-butanediol was not an analog of GHB under federal law, which was not disputed on the case's appeal to the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, however this finding did not affect the outcome of the case. [23] In the United Kingdom, 1,4-butanediol was scheduled in December 2009 (along with another GHB precursor, gamma-butyrolactone) as a Class C controlled substance. In Germany, the drug is not explicitly illegal, but might also be treated as illegal if used as a drug. It is controlled as a Schedule VI precursor in Canada.

2007 contamination of Bindeez toy

A toy called "Bindeez" ("Aqua Dots" in North America) was recalled by the distributor in November 2007 because of the presence of butane-1,4-diol. The toy consists of small beads that stick to each other by sprinkling water. Butane-1,4-diol was detected by GC-MS. [24] The production plant seems to have intended to cut costs by replacing less toxic pentane-1,5-diol with butane-1,4-diol. ChemNet China listed the price of butane-1,4-diol at between about US$1,350–2,800 per metric ton, while the price for 1,5-pentanediol is about US$9,700 per metric ton. [25]

2021 poisoning at Darmstadt Technical University

In August 2021, several people fell severely ill after consuming drinks at building L2.01 at the Lichtwiese Campus of Darmstadt Technical University, Germany. Seven showed severe symptoms, two were transported to a hospital in Frankfurt am Main, and a 30-year-old person was, for a time, in a critical state. Butane-1,4-diol had been detected in milk packages, as well as in water filters. At the location, detectives also found bromophenols and dicyclohexylamine. [26]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>gamma</i>-Hydroxybutyric acid Chemical compound

gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter and a depressant drug. It is a precursor to GABA, glutamate, and glycine in certain brain areas. It acts on the GHB receptor and is a weak agonist at the GABAB receptor. GHB has been used in the medical setting as a general anesthetic and as treatment for cataplexy, narcolepsy, and alcoholism. The substance is also used illicitly for various reasons, including as a performance-enhancing drug, date rape drug, and as a recreational drug.

Colloquially known as "downers", depressants or central depressants are drugs that lower neurotransmission levels, or depress or reduce arousal or stimulation in various areas of the brain. Depressants do not change the mood or mental state of others. Stimulants, or "uppers", increase mental or physical function, hence the opposite drug class from depressants are stimulants, not antidepressants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal Analogue Act</span> Section of the United States Controlled Substances Act

The Federal Analogue Act, 21 U.S.C. § 813, is a section of the United States Controlled Substances Act passed in 1986 which allows any chemical "substantially similar" to a controlled substance listed in Schedule I or II to be treated as if it were listed in Schedule I, but only if intended for human consumption. These similar substances are often called designer drugs. The law's broad reach has been used to successfully prosecute possession of chemicals openly sold as dietary supplements and naturally contained in foods. The law's constitutionality has been questioned by now Supreme Court Justice Neil Gorsuch.

gamma-Butyrolactone Chemical compound

Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) or γ-butyrolactone is a hygroscopic, colorless, water-miscible liquid with a weak, characteristic odor. It is the simplest 4-carbon lactone. It is mainly used as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals, such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.

β-Hydroxybutyric acid Chemical compound

β-Hydroxybutyric acid, also known as 3-hydroxybutyric acid or BHB, is an organic compound and a beta hydroxy acid with the chemical formula CH3CH(OH)CH2CO2H; its conjugate base is β-hydroxybutyrate, also known as 3-hydroxybutyrate. β-Hydroxybutyric acid is a chiral compound with two enantiomers: D-β-hydroxybutyric acid and L-β-hydroxybutyric acid. Its oxidized and polymeric derivatives occur widely in nature. In humans, D-β-hydroxybutyric acid is one of two primary endogenous agonists of hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2), a Gi/o-coupled G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SCH-50911</span> Chemical compound

SCH-50911 is a selective GABAB antagonist. Its main applications are in pharmacology research.

γ-Valerolactone Chemical compound

γ-Valerolactone (GVL) or gamma-valerolactone is an organic compound with the formula C5H8O2. This colourless liquid is one of the more common lactones. GVL is chiral but is usually used as the racemate. It is readily obtained from cellulosic biomass and is a potential fuel and green solvent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GABA receptor agonist</span>

A GABA receptor agonist is a drug that is an agonist for one or more of the GABA receptors, producing typically sedative effects, and may also cause other effects such as anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant effects. There are three receptors of the gamma-aminobutyric acid. The two receptors GABA-α and GABA-ρ are ion channels that are permeable to chloride ions which reduces neuronal excitability. The GABA-β receptor belongs to the class of G-Protein coupled receptors that inhibit adenylyl cyclase, therefore leading to decreased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). GABA-α and GABA-ρ receptors produce sedative and hypnotic effects and have anti-convulsion properties. GABA-β receptors also produce sedative effects. Furthermore, they lead to changes in gene transcription.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">(R,R)-butanediol dehydrogenase</span> Class of enzymes

In enzymology, a (R,R)-butanediol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.4) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

In enzymology, a (S,S)-butanediol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.76) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

1,5-Pentanediol is the organic compound with the formula HO(CH2)5OH. Like other diols, this viscous colourless liquid is used as plasticizer and also forms polyesters that are used as emulsifying agents and resin intermediates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GHB receptor</span> GHB receptor coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

The γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) receptor (GHBR), originally identified as GPR172A, is an excitatory G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that binds the neurotransmitter and psychoactive drug γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). As solute carrier family 52 member 2 (SLC52A2), it is also a transporter for riboflavin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aceburic acid</span> Chemical compound

Aceburic acid (INN), also known as 4-acetoxybutanoic acid or 4-hydroxybutyric acid acetate, is a drug described as an analgesic which was never marketed. It is the acetyl ester of gamma-hydroxybutyrate, and based on its structural relation to GHB, is likely to behave as a prodrug to it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NCS-382</span> Chemical compound

NCS-382 is a moderately selective antagonist for the GHB receptor. It blocks the effects of GHB in animals and has both anti-sedative and anticonvulsant effects. It has been proposed as a treatment for GHB overdose in humans as well as the genetic metabolic disorder succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD), but has never been developed for clinical use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">T-HCA</span> Chemical compound

trans-4-Hydroxycrotonic acid (T-HCA), also known as γ-hydroxycrotonic acid (GHC), is an agent used in scientific research to study the GHB receptor. It is an analogue of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), as well as an active metabolite of GHB. Similarly to GHB, T-HCA has been found to be endogenous to the rat central nervous system, and as a metabolite of GHB, is almost certain to be endogenous to humans as well. T-HCA binds to the high-affinity GHB receptor with 4-fold greater affinity than GHB itself, where it acts as an agonist, but does not bind to the low-affinity GHB binding site, the GABAB receptor. Because of this, T-HCA does not produce sedation. T-HCA has been shown to cause receptor activation-evoked increases in extracellular glutamate concentrations, notably in the hippocampus.

<i>gamma</i>-Hydroxyvaleric acid

γ-Hydroxyvaleric acid (GHV), also known as 4-methyl-GHB, is a designer drug related to γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). It is sometimes seen on the grey market as a legal alternative to GHB, but with lower potency and higher toxicity, properties which have tended to limit its recreational use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SKF-97,541</span> Chemical compound

SKF-97,541 is a compound used in scientific research which acts primarily as a selective GABAB receptor agonist. It has sedative effects in animal studies and is widely used in research into potential treatment of various types of drug addiction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GABA analogue</span> Class of drugs

A GABA analogue is a compound which is an analogue or derivative of the neurotransmitter gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Smart cosubstrate</span>

A smart cosubstrate is a type of cosubstrate used for cofactor regeneration to yield greater productivity and lower environmental impact (E-factor). A good example of a smart cosubstrate is a lactonizable diol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethyl acetoxy butanoate</span> Chemical compound

Ethyl acetoxy butanoate (EAB) is a volatile chemical compound found as a minor component of the odour profile of ripe pineapples, though in its pure form it has a smell more similar to sour yoghurt. It can be metabolized in humans into GHB, and thus can produce similar sedative effects.

References

  1. ↑ Weast, Robert C., ed. (1981), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (62nd ed.), Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, p. C-190, ISBN   0-8493-0462-8
  2. ↑ 1,4-Butanediol, International Chemical Safety Card 1104, Geneva: International Programme on Chemical Safety, March 1999
  3. ↑ HSNO Chemical Classification Information Database, New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority
  4. ↑ "1,4-Butanediol Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary"
  5. ↑ Dekkers, M. P. J. (January 1890). "Le glycol tétraméthylénique". Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas . 9 (4): 92–102. doi:10.1002/recl.18900090403. ISSN   0165-0513.
  6. ↑ Dekkers, Pieter Johannes (1890). Over het Tetramethyleenglycol: Proefschr. ... te verdedigen ... door Pieter Johannes Dekkers (in Dutch). L. van Nifterik Hz.
  7. ↑ "1,4-Butanediol Production And Uses". 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  8. ↑ "United States Patent: 8067214 - Compositions and methods for the biosynthesis of 1,4-butanediol and its precursors", uspto.gov, retrieved 1 April 2018
  9. ↑ Karas, L.; Piel, W. J., "Ethers", Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, New York: John Wiley, doi:10.1002/0471238961, ISBN   9780471238966
  10. ↑ Zhao, Jing; Hartwig, John F. (2005), "Acceptorless, neat, ruthenium-catalyzed dehydrogenative cyclization of diols to lactones", Organometallics, 24 (10): 2441–46, doi:10.1021/om048983m
  11. ↑ Monte, Salvatore J. (1998), Pritchard, Geoffrey (ed.), "Diluents and viscosity modifiers for epoxy resins", Plastics Additives: An A-Z reference, Polymer Science and Technology Series, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, vol. 1, pp. 211–216, doi:10.1007/978-94-011-5862-6_24, ISBN   978-94-011-5862-6 , retrieved 29 March 2022
  12. ↑ "Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) Material Guide & Properties Info". omnexus.specialchem.com. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  13. ↑ "Commercial-scale production of bio-based BDO announced", Chemical Engineering, February 2013, archived from the original on 4 February 2015, retrieved 21 February 2013
  14. ↑ "Butanediol (price and demand in market)", Chemical Week , 12 April 2006, retrieved 21 November 2008
  15. ↑ "Malaysia: New 1,4-butanediol plant used below capacity", Asian Textile Business, April 2004, retrieved 21 November 2008
  16. 1 2 3 Benzer, Theodore I.; Cameron, Scott; Russi, Christopher Scott (8 January 2007), Toxicity, Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate, eMedicine , retrieved 29 August 2009
  17. 1 2 Poldrugo, Flavio; Snead III, O. Carter (1984), "1,4-butanediol, γ-hydroxybutyric acid and ethanol: Relationships and interactions", Neuropharmacology, 23 (1): 109–13, doi:10.1016/0028-3908(84)90226-0, PMID   6717752, S2CID   54415695
  18. ↑ Carter, LP; Koek, W; France, CP (2006), "Lack of effects of GHB precursors GBL and 1,4-BD following i.c.v. Administration in rats", The European Journal of Neuroscience, 24 (9): 2595–600, doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05146.x, PMID   17100847, S2CID   24609982
  19. ↑ "21 U.S. Code § 841 - Prohibited acts A", LII / Legal Information Institute, retrieved 2 August 2016
  20. ↑ USA v Washam (2002) 312 F.3d 926, 930; http://cases.justia.com/us-court-of-appeals/F3/312/926/608696/
  21. ↑ "Erowid 1,4-Butanediol Vault : Law : New York Federal Court Rules Analogue Act Unconstitutionally Vague with regard to 1,4-Butanediol", www.erowid.org, retrieved 1 April 2018
  22. ↑ United States v. Roberts, 363 F.3d 118 (2d Cir. 2004); https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13457043198797192346&q=363+F.3d+118&hl=en&as_sdt=6,39
  23. ↑ United States v. Turcotte, 405 F.3d 515 (7th Cir. 2005) "With specific regard to 1,4 Butanediol, the jury has returned a special verdict which states that 1,4-Butanediol is not a Schedule I Narcotic Drug Controlled Substance analogue, because 1,4-Butanediol's chemical structure is not significantly similar to the chemical structure of GHB.
  24. ↑ Wang, Linda (9 November 2007), "Industrial Chemical Sullies Popular Children's Toy", Chemical & Engineering News , retrieved 11 August 2009
  25. ↑ "US mother says her son began to stumble and vomit after eating Chinese-made toy, now recalled", Boston Herald , Associated Press, 8 November 2007
  26. ↑ "Ermittler finden nach Vergiftungen an TU Darmstadt offenbar K.-o.-Tropfen in Küche", Stern , 27 August 2021, retrieved 1 September 2021
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