Captodiame

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Captodiame
Captodiame.svg
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com International Drug Names
Routes of
administration
Oral
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Excretion Renal
Identifiers
  • 2-[(4-butylsulfanylphenyl)-phenyl-methyl]sulfanyl-N,N-dimethylethanamine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ECHA InfoCard 100.006.936 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Chemical and physical data
Formula C21H29NS2
Molar mass 359.59 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • S(c1ccc(cc1)C(SCCN(C)C)c2ccccc2)CCCC
  • InChI=1S/C21H29NS2/c1-4-5-16-23-20-13-11-19(12-14-20)21(24-17-15-22(2)3)18-9-7-6-8-10-18/h6-14,21H,4-5,15-17H2,1-3H3 Yes check.svgY
  • Key:IZLPZXSZLLELBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Yes check.svgY
 X mark.svgNYes check.svgY  (what is this?)    (verify)

Captodiame (INN), also known as captodiamine, is an antihistamine sold under the trade names Covatine, Covatix, and Suvren which is used as a sedative and anxiolytic. The structure is related to diphenhydramine. [1]

Contents

A 2004 study suggested captodiame may be helpful in preventing benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome in people discontinuing benzodiazepine treatment. [1]

In addition to its actions as an antihistamine, captodiamine has been found to act as a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist and σ1 receptor and D3 receptor agonist. [2] It produces antidepressant-like effects in rats. [2] However, captodiamine is unique among antidepressant-like drugs in that it increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the hypothalamus but not in the frontal cortex or hippocampus. [2] This unique action may be related to its ability to attenuate stress-induced anhedonia and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) signaling in the hypothalamus. [2]

Synthesis

Use patent as psychopharmaceutical: [3]

Thieme Synthesis: Patent: Prec (Ex 14) Captodiamine synthesis.png
Thieme Synthesis: Patent: Prec (Ex 14)

The Friedel-Crafts acylation between butylthiobenzene [1126-80-3] (1) and benzoyl chloride (2) gives 4-butylthiobenzophenone [73242-21-4] (3). Reduction of the ketone with zinc/NaOH gives [4-(butylthio)phenyl](phenyl)methanol [94823-88-8] (4). Halogenation then occurs by treatment with HCl in ether gives 1-butylsulfanyl-4-[chloro(phenyl)methyl]benzene, CID:134991012 (5). Displacement of the halogen with thiourea (6) gives the isothiouronium salt (7). Hydrolysis of the salt in aqueous lye gives (4-Butylsulfanylphenyl)-phenylmethanethiol, CID:134990336 (8). Alkylation of the sodium salt of this last with N-(2-chloroethyl) dimethylamine [107-99-3] (9) affords captodiamine (10).

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 Mercier-Guyon C, Chabannes JP, Saviuc P (2004). "The role of captodiamine in the withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine treatment". Curr Med Res Opin. 20 (9): 1347–55. doi:10.1185/030079904125004457. PMID   15383182. Free full text with registration
  2. 1 2 3 4 Ring RM, Regan CM (October 2013). "Captodiamine, a putative antidepressant, enhances hypothalamic BDNF expression in vivo by synergistic 5-HT2c receptor antagonism and sigma-1 receptor agonism". J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford). 27 (10): 930–9. doi:10.1177/0269881113497614. hdl: 10197/4383 . PMID   23863923.
  3. Ciaran Regan, et al. U.S. Patent 8,461,389 (2013 to University College Dublin).
  4. Takahashi, Kiyoshi; Ohki, Keiko; Mizuma, Toyoharu; Toyoshima, Shigeshi (1960). "Researches on Chemotherapeutic Drugs against Viruses. XXVI. Syntheses and Antiviral Activity of N, N-Dimethyl-2-(p-alkylbenzhydrylthio) ethylamine and N, N-Dimethyl-2-(p-alkylthiobenzhydrylthio) ethylamine". CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN. 8 (9): 757–762. doi:10.1248/cpb.8.757.
  5. Protiva, M. et al, Cesk. Farm., 1962, 11, 308.
  6. Hubner Oluf Herman, Petersen Povl Viggo. U.S. Patent 2,830,088 (1958).
  7. Louis Felder & Rudolf Kirchmayr, U.S. Patent 4,297,513 (1981 to BASF Performance Products LLC).