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| Formula | C10H15N3O |
| Molar mass | 193.250 g·mol−1 |
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Sabcomeline (Memric; SB-202,026) is a selective M1 receptor partial agonist that was under development for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. [1] It made it to phase III clinical trials before being discontinued due to poor results.
An agonist is a chemical that activates a receptor to produce a biological response. Receptors are cellular proteins whose activation causes the cell to modify what it is currently doing. In contrast, an antagonist blocks the action of the agonist, while an inverse agonist causes an action opposite to that of the agonist.
The dopamine receptor D4 is a dopamine D2-like G protein-coupled receptor encoded by the DRD4 gene on chromosome 11 at 11p15.5.
A muscarinic agonist is an agent that activates the activity of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. The muscarinic receptor has different subtypes, labelled M1-M5, allowing for further differentiation.
The orexin receptor (also referred to as the hypocretin receptor) is a G-protein-coupled receptor that binds the neuropeptide orexin. There are two variants, OX1 and OX2, each encoded by a different gene (HCRTR1, HCRTR2).
The human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5, encoded by the CHRM5 gene, is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily of integral membrane proteins. It is coupled to Gq protein. Binding of the endogenous ligand acetylcholine to the M5 receptor triggers a number of cellular responses such as adenylate cyclase inhibition, phosphoinositide degradation, and potassium channel modulation. Muscarinic receptors mediate many of the effects of acetylcholine in the central and peripheral nervous system. The clinical implications of this receptor have not been fully explored; however, stimulation of this receptor is known to effectively decrease cyclic AMP levels and downregulate the activity of protein kinase A (PKA).
SB-277,011A is a drug which acts as a potent and selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, which is around 80–100 times selective for D3 over D2, and lacks any partial agonist activity.
5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 5A, also known as HTR5A, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HTR5A gene. Agonists and antagonists for 5-HT receptors, as well as serotonin uptake inhibitors, present promnesic (memory-promoting) and/or anti-amnesic effects under different conditions, and 5-HT receptors are also associated with neural changes.
Dopamine receptor D3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DRD3 gene.
Xanomeline is a small molecule muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist that was first synthesized in a collaboration between Eli Lilly and Novo Nordisk as an investigational therapeutic being studied for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
6-Br-APB is a synthetic compound that acts as a selective D1 agonist, with the (R)-enantiomer being a potent full agonist, while the (S) enantiomer retains its D1 selectivity but is a weak partial agonist. (R)-6-Br-APB and similar D1-selective full agonists like SKF-81,297 and SKF-82,958 produce characteristic anorectic effects, stereotyped behaviour and self-administration in animals, with a similar but not identical profile to that of dopaminergic stimulants such as amphetamine.
Ro10-5824 is a drug which acts as a dopamine receptor partial agonist selective for the D4 subtype, and has nootropic effects in animal studies.
BP-897 is a drug used in scientific research which acts as a potent selective dopamine D3 receptor partial agonist with an in vitro intrinsic activity of ~0.6 and ~70x greater affinity for D3 over D2 receptors and is suspected to have partial agonist or antagonist activity in vivo. It has mainly been used in the study of treatments for cocaine addiction. A study comparing BP-897 with the potent, antagonistic, and highly D3 selective SB-277,011-A found, "SB 277011-A (1–10 mg/kg) was able to block cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking, indicating that DRD3 selective antagonism may be an effective approach to prevent relapse for nicotine. In contrast, BP 897 did not block the cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking or nicotine-taking under the FR5 schedule."
Talsaclidine (WAL-2014) is a non-selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist which acts as a full agonist at the M1 subtype, and as a partial agonist at the M2 and M3 subtypes. It was under development for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease but showed only modest or poor efficacy in rhesus monkeys and humans, respectively, perhaps due to an array of dose-limiting side effects including increased heart rate and blood pressure, increased salivation, urinary frequency and burning upon urination, increased lacrimation and nasal secretion, abnormal accommodation, heartburn, upset stomach as well as cramps, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, excessive sweating and palpitations.
77-LH-28-1 is a selective agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 1 (M1) discovered in 2008. It is an allosteric agonist, exhibiting over 100-fold specificity for M1 over other muscarinic receptor subtypes. 77-LH-28-1 penetrates the brain by crossing the blood–brain barrier and is therefore a useful pharmacological tool with cognition enhancing effects.
SB-258719 is a drug developed by GlaxoSmithKline which acts as a selective 5-HT7 receptor partial inverse agonist, and was the first such ligand identified for 5-HT7. Its use in research has mainly been in demonstrating the potential use for 5-HT7 agonists as potential novel analgesics, due to the ability of SB-258719 to block the analgesic effects of a variety of 5-HT7 agonists across several different testing models.
PSB-SB-487 is an experimental drug which is used as a pharmacological research tool. It is a coumarin derivative which is an antagonist at the former orphan receptor GPR55. Unlike older GPR55 antagonists such as O-1918, PSB-SB-487 has good selectivity over the related receptor GPR18, with an IC50 of 113nM at GPR55 vs 12500nM at GPR18. However it has poorer selectivity over other related receptors, acting as a weak antagonist at CB1 with a Ki of 1170nM, and a partial agonist at CB2 with a Ki of 292nM.
SB-243213 is a research chemical which acts as a selective inverse agonist for the 5HT2C receptor and has anxiolytic effects. It has better than 100x selectivity for 5-HT2C over all other receptor subtypes tested, and a longer duration of action compared to older 5-HT2C antagonist ligands.
SB-236057 is a compound which is a potent and selective inverse agonist for the serotonin receptor 5-HT1B, acting especially at 5-HT1B autoreceptors on nerve terminals. It produces a rapid increase in serotonin levels in the brain, and was originally researched as a potential antidepressant. However subsequent research found that SB-236,057 also acts as a potent teratogen, producing severe musculoskeletal birth defects when rodents were exposed to it during pregnancy. This has made it of little use for research into its original applications, yet has made it useful for studying embryonic development instead.
AC-42 is a selective, allosteric agonist of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. AC-42 was the first selective M1 agonist to be discovered and its derivatives have been used to study the binding domain of the M1 receptor.
