2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine

Last updated
DOM
DOM2DACS.svg
DOM3Dan.gif
Clinical data
Other names2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine; 4-Methyl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine; 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methyl-α-methylphenethylamine; Des-oxy-methyl; DOM; DMMTA; α-Me-2C-D; STP; Serenity, Tranquility, and Peace; Super Terrific Psychedelic; Stop The Police; Too Stupid to Puke; [1] K-61,082 [2]
Drug class Serotonergic psychedelic; Hallucinogen; Serotonin 5-HT2 receptor agonist
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
  • 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)propan-2-amine
CAS Number
  • 15588-95-1  Yes check.svgY
    43061-13-8 ((R)-DOM)
    43061-14-9 ((S)-DOM)
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
Formula C12H19NO2
Molar mass 209.289 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point 61 °C (142 °F)
  • O(c1cc(c(OC)cc1C[C@H](N)C)C)C
  • InChI=1S/C12H19NO2/c1-8-5-12(15-4)10(6-9(2)13)7-11(8)14-3/h5,7,9H,6,13H2,1-4H3/t9-/m1/s1
  • Key:NTJQREUGJKIARY-SECBINFHSA-N Yes check.svgY
   (verify)

2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), also known as STP (standing for "Serenity, Tranquility, and Peace" and/or other phrases), is a psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and DOx families. [4] [5] [1] [6] [7] It is generally taken orally. [5] [1] [6]

Contents

DOM was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, and later described in his book PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story (1991). [1] It is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States, and is similarly controlled in other parts of the world. [1] Internationally, it is a Schedule I drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. [8]

Effects

Sample of DOM DOM, STP (Serenity, Tranquillity & Peace) - 53627337701.jpg
Sample of DOM

Effects of this drug include substantial perceptual changes such as blurred vision, multiple images, vibration of objects, visual alterations, distorted shapes, enhancement of details, slowed passage of time, increased sexual drive and pleasure, and increased contrasts. It may cause mystical experiences and changes in consciousness. It may also cause pupillary dilation and a rise in systolic blood pressure. [9]

The effects of DOM were assessed in clinical studies in the late 1960s and early 1970s and by other researchers. [2] [7] [10] [11] [12] At low doses, such as 1 to 4 mg, DOM produces effects including stimulation, euphoria, enhanced self-awareness, and mild dose-dependent perceptual disturbances. [2] At higher doses, of above 5 to 7 mg, DOM produces psychedelic effects. [2]

Side effects

Very little is known about the toxicity of DOM.

Interactions

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Actions

DOM activities
Target Affinity (Ki, nM)
5-HT1A 3,656–14,200 (Ki)
12,800–13,900 (EC50 Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration)
54–74% (Emax Tooltip maximal efficacy)
5-HT1B >10,000
5-HT1D 209
5-HT1E 3,542
5-HT1F ND
5-HT2A 2.1–507 (Ki)
1.1–40 (EC50)
44–132% (Emax)
5-HT2B 12–41 (Ki)
128–145 (EC50)
85% (Emax)
5-HT2C 19–3,980 (Ki)
0.23–423 (EC50)
81–119% (Emax)
5-HT3 >10,000
5-HT4 ND
5-HT5A >10,000
5-HT6 8,155
5-HT7 1,591
α1A 3,219
α1B >10,000
α1D ND
α2A 580
α2B 874
α2C 921
β1 >10,000
β2 49
D1–D5 >10,000
H1–H4 >10,000
M1, M2, M5 >10,000
M3, M4 ND
TAAR1 >10,000 (EC50)
I1 >10,000
σ1, σ2 >10,000
SERT Tooltip Serotonin transporter>100,000 (Ki)
>100,000 (IC50 Tooltip half-maximal inhibitory concentration)
>100,000 (EC50)
NET Tooltip Norepinephrine transporter>100,000 (Ki)
>70,000 (IC50)
>100,000 (EC50)
DAT Tooltip Dopamine transporter>100,000 (Ki)
64,000 (IC50)
>42,000 (EC50)
MAO-A Tooltip Monoamine oxidase A24,000 (IC50) (rat)
MAO-B Tooltip Monoamine oxidase B>100,000 (IC50) (rat)
Notes: The smaller the value, the more avidly the drug binds to the site. All proteins are human unless otherwise specified. Refs: [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24]

DOM acts as a selective serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptor full agonist. [16] [15] [17] [18] Its psychedelic effects are mediated by its agonistic properties at the 5-HT2A receptor. Due to its selectivity, DOM is often used in scientific research in studies of the 5-HT2 receptor subfamily. DOM is a chiral molecule, and R-(−)-DOM is the more active enantiomer, functioning as a potent agonist of these receptors. [25]

The drug is inactive as a human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist but is an agonist of the rhesus monkey TAAR1. [19] DOM is inactive as a monoamine reuptake inhibitor and releasing agent. [18] It is a very weak monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), specifically of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), whereas it was inactive at monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). [23] [24]

Effects

DOM produces the head-twitch response, a behavioral proxy of psychedelic-like effects, in rodents. [26] It also substitutes for LSD in rodent drug discrimination tests. [26] DOM is widely used as a psychedelic training drug in rodent drug discrimination assays and many other serotonergic psychedelics have been shown to generalize to it. [26]

In contrast to amphetamines like (–)-cathinone but similarly to mescaline, DOM has shown no stimulant-like or reinforcing effects in rhesus monkeys. [27] [28] [29] [30] Conversely however, DOC has shown reinforcing effects, including conditioned place preference (CPP) and self-administration, in rodents similarly to methamphetamine. [31] This is analogous to other findings in which various 2C and NBOMe drugs have been found to produce dopaminergic elevations and reinforcing effects in rodents. [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38]

Pharmacokinetics

According to Alexander Shulgin, the effects of DOM typically last 14 to 20 hours, though other clinical trials indicate a duration of 7 to 8 hours. [9]

Chemistry

DOM, also known as 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine or as 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-α-methylphenethylamine, is a substituted phenethylamine and amphetamine and is a member of the DOx group of drugs. [4] [5] [6] [7] It is structurally related to the naturally occurring phenethylamine psychedelic mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine). [7] [39] Analogues of DOM include other DOx drugs such as DOET, DOB, DOI, DOC, and TMA, among others. [7] The α-desmethyl or phenethylamine analogue of DOM is 2C-D. [4] [5] Ariadne is the α-ethyl or phenylisobutylamine analogue of DOM. [40] [5]

Chemical structures of some DOM variants DOM-25-varients.png
Chemical structures of some DOM variants

The 2,6-dimethoxy positional isomer of DOM, known as Ψ-DOM, is also mentioned in PiHKAL as being active, as is the α-ethyl homologue Ariadne. Analogues where the methoxy groups at the 2,5- positions of the aromatic ring have been altered have also been synthesised and tested as part of an effort to identify the binding mode of DOM at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. Both the 2- and 5- O-desmethyl derivatives 2-DM-DOM and 5-DM-DOM, and the 2- and 5- ethyl analogues 2-Et-DOM and 5-Et-DOM, have been tested, but in all cases were significantly less potent than the corresponding methoxy compound, showing the importance of the oxygen lone pairs in 5-HT2A binding. [41] [42]

History

STP was first synthesized and tested in 1963 by Alexander Shulgin, who was investigating the effect of 4-position substitutions on psychedelic amphetamines. [1] [5]

In mid-1967, tablets containing 20 mg (later 10 mg) of STP were widely distributed in the Haight-Ashbury District of San Francisco under the name of STP, having been manufactured by underground chemists Owsley Stanley and Tim Scully. [1] This short-lived appearance of STP on the black market proved disastrous for several reasons. [1] First, the tablets contained an excessively high dose of the chemical. [1] This, combined with DOM's slow onset of action (which encouraged some users, familiar with drugs that have quicker onsets, such as LSD, to re-dose) and its remarkably long duration, caused many users to panic and sent some to the emergency room. [1] Second, treatment of such overdoses was complicated by the fact that no one at the time knew that the tablets called STP were, in fact, DOM, and there was no effective antidote. [1]

Society and culture

Australia

DOM is schedule 9 under the Australia Poisons standard. [43] A schedule 9 substance is a "Substances which may be abused or misused, the manufacture, possession, sale or use of which should be prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities." [43]

Canada

Listed as a Schedule 1, as it is an analogue of amphetamine.

United Kingdom

DOM is a Class A drug in the United Kingdom under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.

United States

DOM is Schedule I in the United States. This means it is illegal to manufacture, buy, possess, or distribute (make, trade, own or give) without a DEA license.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Baggott MJ (1 October 2023). "Learning about STP: A Forgotten Psychedelic from the Summer of Love" (PDF). History of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals. 65 (1): 93–116. doi: 10.3368/hopp.65.1.93 . ISSN   2694-3034 . Retrieved 26 January 2025.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Trout K, Daley PF (December 2024). "The origin of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM, STP)" (PDF). Drug Test Anal. 16 (12): 1496–1508. doi:10.1002/dta.3667. PMID   38419183.
  3. ↑ Anvisa (2023-07-24). "RDC Nº 804 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 804 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-07-25). Archived from the original on 2023-08-27. Retrieved 2023-08-27.
  4. 1 2 3 Shulgin A, Manning T, Daley PF (2011). "#60. DOM". The Shulgin Index, Volume One: Psychedelic Phenethylamines and Related Compounds . Vol. 1. Berkeley, CA: Transform Press. pp. 118–129. ISBN   978-0-9630096-3-0. OCLC   709667010.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alexander T. Shulgin; Ann Shulgin (1991). "#68 DOM; STP; 2,5-DIMETHOXY-4-METHYLAMPHETAMINE". PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story (1st ed.). Berkeley, CA: Transform Press. pp. 637–642. ISBN   978-0-9630096-0-9. OCLC   25627628.
  6. 1 2 3 Wills B, Erickson T (9 March 2012). "Psychoactive Phenethylamine, Piperazine, and Pyrrolidinophenone Derivatives". In Barceloux DG (ed.). Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse: Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive Plants. Wiley. pp. 156–192. doi:10.1002/9781118105955.ch10. ISBN   978-0-471-72760-6.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Shulgin AT (1978). "Psychotomimetic Drugs: Structure-Activity Relationships". In Iversen LL, Iversen SD, Snyder SH (eds.). Stimulants. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 243–333. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0510-2_6. ISBN   978-1-4757-0512-6.
  8. ↑ "Green List: List of Psychotropic Substances Under International Control" (PDF) (23rd ed.). International Narcotics Control Board. August 2003. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
  9. 1 2 Snyder, Solomon H.; Louis Faillace & Leo Hollister (3 November 1967). "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine (STP): A New Hallucinogenic Drug" (PDF). Science . 158 (3801): 669–670. Bibcode:1967Sci...158..669S. doi:10.1126/science.158.3801.669. PMID   4860952. S2CID   24065654.
  10. ↑ Snyder SH, Faillace L, Hollister L (November 1967). "2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine (STP): a new hallucinogenic drug". Science. 158 (3801): 669–670. Bibcode:1967Sci...158..669S. doi:10.1126/science.158.3801.669. PMID   4860952. S2CID   24065654.
  11. ↑ Snyder SH, Faillace LA, Weingartner H (September 1968). "DOM (STP), a new hallucinogenic drug, and DOET: effects in normal subjects". Am J Psychiatry. 125 (3): 113–120. doi:10.1176/ajp.125.3.357. PMID   4385937.
  12. ↑ Weingartner H, Snyder SH, Faillace LA (1971). "DOM (STP), a new hallucinogenic drug: specific perceptual changes". J Clin Pharmacol New Drugs. 11 (2): 103–111. doi:10.1177/009127007101100205. PMID   5206471.
  13. ↑ "PDSP Database". UNC (in Zulu). Retrieved 1 February 2025.
  14. ↑ Liu, Tiqing. "BindingDB BDBM50005265 (+/-)2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methyl-phenyl)-1-methyl-ethylamine::(-)2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methyl-phenyl)-1-methyl-ethylamine::(Rec)2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methyl-phenyl)-1-methyl-ethylamine; compound with 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-phenyl)-1-methyl-ethylamine::2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methyl-phenyl)-1-methyl-ethylamine::2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methyl-phenyl)-1-methyl-ethylamine((R)-(-)-DOM)::2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methyl-phenyl)-1-methyl-ethylamine(DOM)::CHEMBL8600::DOM::DOM,R(-)::Racemic DOM". BindingDB. Retrieved 1 February 2025.
  15. 1 2 Ray TS (February 2010). "Psychedelics and the human receptorome". PLOS ONE. 5 (2): e9019. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...5.9019R. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009019 . PMC   2814854 . PMID   20126400.
  16. 1 2 Luethi D, Rudin D, Hoener MC, Liechti ME (2022). "Monoamine Receptor and Transporter Interaction Profiles of 4-Alkyl-Substituted 2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamines". The FASEB Journal. 36 (S1). doi: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.S1.R2691 . ISSN   0892-6638.
  17. 1 2 Eshleman AJ, Forster MJ, Wolfrum KM, Johnson RA, Janowsky A, Gatch MB (March 2014). "Behavioral and neurochemical pharmacology of six psychoactive substituted phenethylamines: mouse locomotion, rat drug discrimination and in vitro receptor and transporter binding and function". Psychopharmacology (Berl). 231 (5): 875–888. doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3303-6. PMC   3945162 . PMID   24142203.
  18. 1 2 3 Eshleman AJ, Wolfrum KM, Reed JF, Kim SO, Johnson RA, Janowsky A (December 2018). "Neurochemical pharmacology of psychoactive substituted N-benzylphenethylamines: High potency agonists at 5-HT2A receptors". Biochem Pharmacol. 158: 27–34. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2018.09.024. PMC   6298744 . PMID   30261175.
  19. 1 2 Lewin AH, Miller GM, Gilmour B (December 2011). "Trace amine-associated receptor 1 is a stereoselective binding site for compounds in the amphetamine class". Bioorg Med Chem. 19 (23): 7044–7048. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.007. PMC   3236098 . PMID   22037049.
  20. ↑ Åstrand A, Guerrieri D, Vikingsson S, Kronstrand R, Green H (December 2020). "In vitro characterization of new psychoactive substances at the μ-opioid, CB1, 5HT1A, and 5-HT2A receptors-On-target receptor potency and efficacy, and off-target effects". Forensic Science International. 317: 110553. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110553 . PMID   33160102.
  21. ↑ van Wijngaarden I, Soudijn W (1997). "5-HT2A, 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptor ligands". Pharmacochemistry Library. Vol. 27. Elsevier. pp. 161–197. doi:10.1016/s0165-7208(97)80013-x. ISBN   978-0-444-82041-9.
  22. ↑ Acuña-Castillo C, Villalobos C, Moya PR, Sáez P, Cassels BK, Huidobro-Toro JP (June 2002). "Differences in potency and efficacy of a series of phenylisopropylamine/phenylethylamine pairs at 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2C) receptors". Br J Pharmacol. 136 (4): 510–519. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704747. PMC   1573376 . PMID   12055129.
  23. 1 2 Reyes-Parada M, Iturriaga-Vasquez P, Cassels BK (2019). "Amphetamine Derivatives as Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors". Front Pharmacol. 10: 1590. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01590 . PMC   6989591 . PMID   32038257.
  24. 1 2 Scorza MC, Carrau C, Silveira R, Zapata-Torres G, Cassels BK, Reyes-Parada M (December 1997). "Monoamine oxidase inhibitory properties of some methoxylated and alkylthio amphetamine derivatives: structure-activity relationships". Biochem Pharmacol. 54 (12): 1361–1369. doi:10.1016/s0006-2952(97)00405-x. PMID   9393679.
  25. ↑ Sanders-Bush, E; Burris, KD; Knoth, K (September 1988). "Lysergic acid diethylamide and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine are partial agonists at serotonin receptors linked to phosphoinositide hydrolysis". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics . 246 (3): 924–928. doi:10.1016/S0022-3565(25)22189-9. PMID   2843634.
  26. 1 2 3 Halberstadt AL, Chatha M, Klein AK, Wallach J, Brandt SD (May 2020). "Correlation between the potency of hallucinogens in the mouse head-twitch response assay and their behavioral and subjective effects in other species" (PDF). Neuropharmacology. 167: 107933. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107933. PMC   9191653 . PMID   31917152.
  27. ↑ Fantegrossi WE, Murnane KS, Reissig CJ (January 2008). "The behavioral pharmacology of hallucinogens". Biochem Pharmacol. 75 (1): 17–33. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.07.018. PMC   2247373 . PMID   17977517. Despite the reasonably constant recreational use of hallucinogens since at least the early 1970s [44], the reinforcing effects of hallucinogens have not been widely investigated in laboratory animals. Indeed, one of the earliest studies on the reinforcing effects of drugs using the intravenous self-administration procedure in rhesus monkeys found that no animal initiated self-injection of mescaline either spontaneously or after one month of programmed administration [45]. Likewise, the phenethylamine hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) was not effective in maintaining self-administration in rhesus monkeys [46]. Nevertheless, the hallucinogen-like phenethylamine 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been shown to act as a reinforcer in intravenous self-administration paradigms in baboons [47], rhesus monkeys [48 – 50], rats [51] and mice [52].
  28. ↑ Canal CE, Murnane KS (January 2017). "The serotonin 5-HT2C receptor and the non-addictive nature of classic hallucinogens". J Psychopharmacol. 31 (1): 127–143. doi:10.1177/0269881116677104. PMC   5445387 . PMID   27903793. One of the earliest studies on the reinforcing effects of drugs using the intravenous self-administration procedure in rhesus monkeys found that no animal initiated self-injection of mescaline either spontaneously or after one month of programmed administration, [...] (Deneau et al., 1969). The lack of mescaline self-administration stood in contrast to positive findings of self-administration of morphine, codeine, cocaine, amphetamine, pentobarbital, ethanol, and caffeine. A subsequent study with rhesus monkeys using 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM; Yanagita, 1986) provided similar results as the mescaline study. These findings have withstood the test of time, as the primary literature is virtually devoid of any accounts of self-administration of [classical hallucinogens (CH)], suggesting that there are very limited conditions under which laboratory animals voluntarily consume CH.
  29. ↑ Yanagita T (June 1986). "Intravenous self-administration of (-)-cathinone and 2-amino-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl)phenylpropane in rhesus monkeys". Drug Alcohol Depend. 17 (2–3): 135–141. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(86)90004-9. PMID   3743404.
  30. ↑ Maguire DR (October 2024). "Evaluation of potential punishing effects of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) in rhesus monkeys responding under a choice procedure". Behav Pharmacol. 35 (7): 378–385. doi:10.1097/FBP.0000000000000787. PMC  11398979. PMID   39052019.
  31. ↑ Cha HJ, Jeon SY, Jang HJ, Shin J, Kim YH, Suh SK (May 2018). "Rewarding and reinforcing effects of 4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine and AH-7921 in rodents". Neurosci Lett. 676: 66–70. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2018.04.009. PMID   29626650.
  32. ↑ Gil-Martins E, Barbosa DJ, Borges F, Remião F, Silva R (June 2025). "Toxicodynamic insights of 2C and NBOMe drugs - Is there abuse potential?". Toxicol Rep. 14: 101890. Bibcode:2025ToxR...1401890G. doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101890. PMC   11762925 . PMID   39867514.
  33. ↑ Kim YJ, Ma SX, Hur KH, Lee Y, Ko YH, Lee BR, Kim SK, Sung SJ, Kim KM, Kim HC, Lee SY, Jang CG (April 2021). "New designer phenethylamines 2C-C and 2C-P have abuse potential and induce neurotoxicity in rodents". Arch Toxicol. 95 (4): 1413–1429. Bibcode:2021ArTox..95.1413K. doi:10.1007/s00204-021-02980-x. PMID   33515270.
  34. ↑ Custodio RJ, Sayson LV, Botanas CJ, Abiero A, You KY, Kim M, Lee HJ, Yoo SY, Lee KW, Lee YS, Seo JW, Ryu IS, Kim HJ, Cheong JH (November 2020). "25B-NBOMe, a novel N-2-methoxybenzyl-phenethylamine (NBOMe) derivative, may induce rewarding and reinforcing effects via a dopaminergic mechanism: Evidence of abuse potential". Addict Biol. 25 (6): e12850. doi:10.1111/adb.12850. PMID   31749223.
  35. ↑ Seo JY, Hur KH, Ko YH, Kim K, Lee BR, Kim YJ, Kim SK, Kim SE, Lee YS, Kim HC, Lee SY, Jang CG (October 2019). "A novel designer drug, 25N-NBOMe, exhibits abuse potential via the dopaminergic system in rodents". Brain Res Bull. 152: 19–26. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.002. PMID   31279579.
  36. ↑ Jo C, Joo H, Youn DH, Kim JM, Hong YK, Lim NY, Kim KS, Park SJ, Choi SO (November 2022). "Rewarding and Reinforcing Effects of 25H-NBOMe in Rodents". Brain Sci. 12 (11): 1490. doi: 10.3390/brainsci12111490 . PMC   9688077 . PMID   36358416.
  37. ↑ Lee JG, Hur KH, Hwang SB, Lee S, Lee SY, Jang CG (August 2023). "Designer Drug, 25D-NBOMe, Has Reinforcing and Rewarding Effects through Change of a Dopaminergic Neurochemical System". ACS Chem Neurosci. 14 (15): 2658–2666. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00196. PMID   37463338.
  38. ↑ Kim YJ, Kook WA, Ma SX, Lee BR, Ko YH, Kim SK, Lee Y, Lee JG, Lee S, Kim KM, Lee SY, Jang CG (April 2024). "The novel psychoactive substance 25E-NBOMe induces reward-related behaviors via dopamine D1 receptor signaling in male rodents". Arch Pharm Res. 47 (4): 360–376. doi:10.1007/s12272-024-01491-4. PMID   38551761.
  39. ↑ Hassan Z, Bosch OG, Singh D, Narayanan S, Kasinather BV, Seifritz E, Kornhuber J, Quednow BB, Müller CP (2017). "Novel Psychoactive Substances-Recent Progress on Neuropharmacological Mechanisms of Action for Selected Drugs". Front Psychiatry. 8: 152. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00152 . PMC   5563308 . PMID   28868040. The next, even though less accidental, producer of NPS hallucinogens was Alexander T. Shulgin, who synthesized hundreds of novel hallucinogenic tryptamines and phenylethylamines in his home laboratory. He described the synthesis of these compounds and also their psychotomimetic effects experienced in self-experiments in detail in his books PIHKAL and TIHKAL (199, 200). He created several dimethoxy-substituted phenylethylamines, such as DOM, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine (DOB), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI), and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine (DOET), which all display strong hallucinogenic properties. These drugs usually have much longer durations of action (12–30 h) and are much more potent agonists at 5-HT2A-Rs (50- to 175-fold) compared to their related phenylethylamine derivative mescaline (duration of action: 4–8 h) (189, 199, 200).
  40. ↑ Cunningham MJ, Bock HA, Serrano IC, Bechand B, Vidyadhara DJ, Bonniwell EM, Lankri D, Duggan P, Nazarova AL, Cao AB, Calkins MM, Khirsariya P, Hwu C, Katritch V, Chandra SS, McCorvy JD, Sames D (January 2023). "Pharmacological Mechanism of the Non-hallucinogenic 5-HT2A Agonist Ariadne and Analogs". ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 14 (1): 119–135. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00597. PMC   10147382 . PMID   36521179.
  41. ↑ Eckler JR, Chang-Fong J, Rabin RA, Smith C, Teitler M, Glennon RA, Winter JC (July 2003). "Behavioral characterization of 2-O-desmethyl and 5-O-desmethyl metabolites of the phenylethylamine hallucinogen DOM". Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 75 (4): 845–852. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00159-X. PMID   12957227. S2CID   36463979.
  42. ↑ Braden, Michael Robert (May 2007). Towards a Biophysical Basis of Hallucinogen Action (Thesis). Purdue University. OCLC   703618147 . Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  43. 1 2 Poison Standard https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01534/Html/Text#_Toc420496379 Archived 2015-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
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