2-Phenylmorpholine

Last updated

2-Phenylmorpholine
2-phenylmorpholine.svg
Clinical data
Other namesPAL-632; PAL632
Drug class Norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent; Psychostimulant
Identifiers
  • 2-phenylmorpholine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
Formula C10H13NO
Molar mass 163.220 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • C1COC(CN1)C2=CC=CC=C2
  • InChI=1S/C10H13NO/c1-2-4-9(5-3-1)10-8-11-6-7-12-10/h1-5,10-11H,6-8H2
  • Key:ZLNGFYDJXZZFJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N

2-Phenylmorpholine (code name PAL-632) is the parent compound of the substituted phenylmorpholine class of compounds. [1] Examples of 2-phenylmorpholine derivatives (i.e., substituted phenylmorpholines) include phenmetrazine (3-methyl-2-phenylmorpholine), phendimetrazine ((2S,3S)-3,4-dimethyl-2-phenylmorpholine), and pseudophenmetrazine ((2RS,3SR)-3-methyl-2-phenylmorpholine), which are monoamine releasing agents (MRAs) and psychostimulants. [1] [2] [3] [4] 2-Phenylmorpholine itself is a potent norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (NDRA) and hence may act as a stimulant similarly. [5]

Monoamine release of 2-phenylmorpholine and related agents (EC50 Tooltip Half maximal effective concentration, nM)
Compound NE Tooltip Norepinephrine DA Tooltip Dopamine 5-HT Tooltip SerotoninRef
Phenethylamine 10.939.5>10,000 [6] [7] [8]
Dextroamphetamine 6.6–10.25.8–24.8698–1,765 [9] [10] [8] [11]
Dextromethamphetamine 12.3–14.38.5–40.4736–1,292 [9] [12] [8] [11]
2-Phenylmorpholine 798620,260 [5]
Phenmetrazine 29–50.470–1317,765–>10,000 [4] [8] [13] [5]
Phendimetrazine >10,000>10,000>100,000 [4] [8] [11]
Pseudophenmetrazine 514>10,000 (RI)>10,000 [4]
Notes: The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug releases the neurotransmitter. The assays were done in rat brain synaptosomes and human potencies may be different. See also Monoamine releasing agent § Activity profiles for a larger table with more compounds. Refs: [2] [3]

References

  1. 1 2 Meher CP, Purohit D, Kumar A, Singh R, Dubey A (13 April 2022). "An Updated Review on Morpholine Derivatives With Their Pharmacological Actions". International Journal of Health Sciences: 2218–2249. doi: 10.53730/ijhs.v6nS3.5983 . ISSN   2550-696X . Retrieved 10 January 2025.
  2. 1 2 Rothman RB, Baumann MH (October 2003). "Monoamine transporters and psychostimulant drugs". European Journal of Pharmacology. 479 (1–3): 23–40. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.054. PMID   14612135.
  3. 1 2 Rothman RB, Baumann MH (2006). "Therapeutic potential of monoamine transporter substrates". Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 6 (17): 1845–1859. doi:10.2174/156802606778249766. PMID   17017961. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Rothman RB, Katsnelson M, Vu N, Partilla JS, Dersch CM, Blough BE, et al. (June 2002). "Interaction of the anorectic medication, phendimetrazine, and its metabolites with monoamine transporters in rat brain". European Journal of Pharmacology. 447 (1): 51–57. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(02)01830-7. PMID   12106802.
  5. 1 2 3 "Phenylmorpholines and analogues thereof". Google Patents. 20 May 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
  6. ↑ Reith ME, Blough BE, Hong WC, Jones KT, Schmitt KC, Baumann MH, et al. (February 2015). "Behavioral, biological, and chemical perspectives on atypical agents targeting the dopamine transporter". Drug Alcohol Depend. 147: 1–19. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.005. PMC   4297708 . PMID   25548026.
  7. ↑ Forsyth AN (22 May 2012). "Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Rigid Analogues of Methamphetamines". ScholarWorks@UNO. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Blough B (July 2008). "Dopamine-releasing agents" (PDF). In Trudell ML, Izenwasser S (eds.). Dopamine Transporters: Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology. Hoboken [NJ]: Wiley. pp. 305–320. ISBN   978-0-470-11790-3. OCLC   181862653. OL   18589888W.
  9. 1 2 Rothman RB, Baumann MH, Dersch CM, Romero DV, Rice KC, Carroll FI, et al. (January 2001). "Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and serotonin". Synapse. 39 (1): 32–41. doi:10.1002/1098-2396(20010101)39:1<32::AID-SYN5>3.0.CO;2-3. PMID   11071707. S2CID   15573624.
  10. ↑ Baumann MH, Partilla JS, Lehner KR, Thorndike EB, Hoffman AF, Holy M, et al. (March 2013). "Powerful cocaine-like actions of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), a principal constituent of psychoactive 'bath salts' products". Neuropsychopharmacology. 38 (4): 552–562. doi:10.1038/npp.2012.204. PMC   3572453 . PMID   23072836.
  11. 1 2 3 Partilla JS, Dersch CM, Baumann MH, Carroll FI, Rothman RB (1999). "Profiling CNS Stimulants with a High-Throughput Assay for Biogenic Amine Transporter Substractes". Problems of Drug Dependence 1999: Proceedings of the 61st Annual Scientific Meeting, The College on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc (PDF). NIDA Res Monogr. Vol. 180. pp. 1–476 (252). PMID   11680410. RESULTS. Methamphetamine and amphetamine potently released NE (IC50s = 14.3 and 7.0 nM) and DA (IC50s = 40.4 nM and 24.8 nM), and were much less potent releasers of 5-HT (IC50s = 740 nM and 1765 nM). Phentermine released all three biogenic amines with an order of potency NE (IC50 = 28.8 nM)> DA (IC50 = 262 nM)> 5-HT (IC50 = 2575 nM). Aminorex released NE (IC50 = 26.4 nM), DA (IC50 = 44.8 nM) and 5-HT (IC50 = 193 nM). Chlorphentermine was a very potent 5-HT releaser (IC50 = 18.2 nM), a weaker DA releaser (IC50 = 935 nM) and inactive in the NE release assay. Chlorphentermine was a moderate potency inhibitor of [3H]NE uptake (Ki = 451 nM). Diethylpropion, which is self-administered, was a weak DA uptake inhibitor (Ki = 15 µM) and NE uptake inhibitor (Ki = 18.1 µM) and essentially inactive in the other assays. Phendimetrazine, which is self-administered, was a weak DA uptake inhibitor (IC50 = 19 µM), a weak NE uptake inhibitor (8.3 µM) and essentially inactive in the other assays.
  12. ↑ Baumann MH, Ayestas MA, Partilla JS, Sink JR, Shulgin AT, Daley PF, et al. (April 2012). "The designer methcathinone analogs, mephedrone and methylone, are substrates for monoamine transporters in brain tissue". Neuropsychopharmacology. 37 (5): 1192–1203. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.304. PMC   3306880 . PMID   22169943.
  13. ↑ McLaughlin G, Baumann MH, Kavanagh PV, Morris N, Power JD, Dowling G, et al. (September 2018). "Synthesis, analytical characterization, and monoamine transporter activity of the new psychoactive substance 4-methylphenmetrazine (4-MPM), with differentiation from its ortho- and meta- positional isomers". Drug Test Anal. 10 (9): 1404–1416. doi:10.1002/dta.2396. PMC   7316143 . PMID   29673128.



This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.