25C-NBOMe

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25C-NBOMe
2C-C-NBOMe-skeletal.svg
2C-C-NBOMe-spacefill.png
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
  • 2-(4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethan-1-amine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
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Chemical and physical data
Formula C18H22ClNO3
Molar mass 335.83 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • COc2ccccc2CNCCc(cc1OC)c(OC)cc1Cl
  • InChI=1S/C18H22ClNO3/c1-21-16-7-5-4-6-14(16)12-20-9-8-13-10-18(23-3)15(19)11-17(13)22-2/h4-7,10-11,20H,8-9,12H2,1-3H3 Yes check.svgY
  • Key:FJFPOGCVVLUYAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Yes check.svgY
 X mark.svgNYes check.svgY  (what is this?)    (verify)

25C-NBOMe (NBOMe-2C-C, 2C-C-NBOMe, Cimbi-82) is a psychedelic drug and derivative of the psychedelic phenethylamine 2C-C. 25C-NBOMe appeared on online vendor sites in 2010 but was not reported in the literature until 2011. [3] It acts as a potent agonist of the 5-HT2A receptor, [4] and has been studied in its 11C radiolabelled form as a potential ligand for mapping the distribution of 5-HT2A receptors in the brain, using positron emission tomography (PET). [3] [5] Multiple deaths have occurred from usage of 25C-NBOMe due to the ease of accidental overdose. The long-term toxic effects of the drug have not been researched.

Contents

History

25C-NBOMe is derived from the psychedelic phenethylamine 2C-C by substitution on the amine with a 2-methoxybenzyl group. 25C-NBOMe is a clumpy white powder with a notably bitter and metallic taste. 25C-NBOMe has been found on blotter mimics sold as LSD. [6]

Dosage

Blotter paper containing 25C-NBOMe 25C-NBOMe blotter.jpg
Blotter paper containing 25C-NBOMe

25C-NBOMe is extremely potent and the effects of the drug increase greatly within a small window of dosage adjustment. Overdose may occur at as little as double an average dose. With inaccurate dosing of street blotter paper, when mistaken for LSD, or when taken as a powder or liquid, this has resulted in multiple accidental deaths. [7]

One study has shown that 25C-NBOMe blotters have 'hotspots' of the drug and the dosage is not evenly applied over the surface of the paper, which could lead to overdose. [8] Sublingually, the threshold for the onset of hallucinogenic effects reportedly is about 100–250 μg, with mild effects at 250–450, strong effects at 450–800, and very strong effects over 800 μg. [9]

NBOMe-substituted compounds have a diminished absorption rate passing through mucous membranes, but generally remain inactive when taken orally. Buccal, sublingual or insufflated routes of administration are all viable options. Absorption rate buccally and sublingually can be increased when complexed with HPBCD complexing sugar, however the most efficient is nasal administration, which shortens the duration while increasing intensity, but has been attributed to several overdoses and deaths. [10]

Effects

Toxicity and harm potential

This section is an excerpt from 25-NB § Toxicity and harm potential.[ edit ]

NBOMe compounds are often associated with life-threatening toxicity and death. [12] [13] Studies on NBOMe family of compounds demonstrated that the substance exhibit neurotoxic and cardiotoxic activity. [14] Reports of autonomic dysfunction remains prevalent with NBOMe compounds, with most individuals experiencing sympathomimetic toxicity such as vasoconstriction, hypertension and tachycardia in addition to hallucinations. [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] Other symptoms of toxidrome include agitation or aggression, seizure, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, hypertonia, rhabdomyolysis, and death. [15] [19] [13] Researchers report that NBOMe intoxication frequently display signs of serotonin syndrome. [20] The likelihood of seizure is higher in NBOMes compared to other psychedelics. [14]

NBOMe and NBOHs are regularly sold as LSD in blotter papers, [13] [21] which have a bitter taste and different safety profiles. [15] [12] Despite high potency, recreational doses of LSD have only produced low incidents of acute toxicity. [12] Fatalities involved in NBOMe intoxication suggest that a significant number of individuals ingested the substance which they believed was LSD, [17] and researchers report that "users familiar with LSD may have a false sense of security when ingesting NBOMe inadvertently". [15] While most fatalities are due to the physical effects of the drug, there have also been reports of death due to self-harm and suicide under the influence of the substance. [22] [23] [15]

Given limited documentation of NBOMe consumption, the long-term effects of the substance remain unknown. [15] NBOMe compounds are not active orally, [lower-alpha 1] and are usually taken sublingually. [25] : 3  When NBOMes are administered sublingually, numbness of the tongue and mouth followed by a metallic chemical taste was observed, and researchers describe this physical side effect as one of the main discriminants between NBOMe compounds and LSD. [26] [27] [28]

Neurotoxic and cardiotoxic actions

This section is an excerpt from 25-NB § Neurotoxic and cardiotoxic actions.[ edit ]

Many of the NBOMe compounds have high potency agonist activity at additional 5-HT receptors and prolonged activation of 5-HT2B can cause cardiac valvulopathy in high doses and chronic use. [13] [18] 5-HT2B receptors have been strongly implicated in causing drug-induced valvular heart disease. [29] [30] [31] The high affinity of NBOMe compounds for adrenergic α1 receptor has been reported to contribute to the stimulant-type cardiovascular effects. [18]

In vitro studies, 25C-NBOMe has been shown to exhibit cytotoxicity on neuronal cell lines SH-SY5Y, PC12, and SN471, and the compound was more potent than methamphetamine at reducing the visibility of the respective cells; the neurotoxicity of the compound involves activation of MAPK/ERK cascade and inhibition of Akt/PKB signaling pathway. [14] 25C-NBOMe, including the other derivative 25D-NBOMe, reduced the visibility of cardiomyocytes H9c2 cells, and both substances downregulated expression level of p21 (CDC24/RAC)-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), an enzyme with documented cardiac protective effects. [14]

Preliminary studies on 25C-NBOMe have shown that the substance is toxic to development, heart health, and brain health in zebrafish, rats, and Artemia salina , a common organism for studying potential drug effects on humans, but more research is needed on the topic, the dosages, and if the toxicology results apply to humans. Researchers of the study also recommended further investigation of the drug's potential in damaging pregnant women and their fetus due to the substance's damaging effects to development. [32] [33]

Emergency treatment

This section is an excerpt from 25-NB § Emergency treatment.[ edit ]
At present, there are no specific antidotes for NBOMes, and all acute intoxication is managed by symptomatic treatments, such as administration of benzodiazepines, antipsychotic drugs, and antiarrhythmic agents, such as beta blockers; some emergency interventions are intended to specifically treat rhabdomyolysis, which may lead to critical complications such as metabolic acidosis and acute kidney injury. [14]

Drug prohibition laws

Canada

As of October 31, 2016; 25C-NBOMe is a controlled substance (Schedule III) in Canada. [34]

Israel

The NBOMe series of psychoactives became controlled in Israel in May, 2013. [35] [36]

New Zealand

25C-NBOMe was sold as a designer drug in New Zealand in early 2012, but was withdrawn from sale after a statement by Associate Health Minister Peter Dunne that 25C-NBOMe would be considered to be substantially similar in chemical structure to the illegal hallucinogen DOB, and was therefore a Class C controlled drug analogue. [37]

Russia

Russia became the first country to regulate the NBOME class. The entire NBOMe series of psychoactives became controlled in the Russian Federation starting October, 2011. [35] [38]

Sweden

Sveriges riksdag added 25C-NBOMe to schedule I ("substances, plant materials and fungi which normally do not have medical use") as narcotics in Sweden as of Aug 1, 2013, published by Medical Products Agency in their regulation LVFS 2013:15 listed as 25C-NBOMe 2-(4-kloro-2,5-dimetoxifenyl)-N-(2-metoxibensyl)etanamin. [39]

United Kingdom

This substance is a Class A drug in the United Kingdom as a result of the N-benzylphenethylamine catch-all clause in the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 . [40]

United States

Several NBOMe series compounds will be temporarily scheduled in the United States for 2 years. The temporary scheduling applies to 25C-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, and 25I-NBOMe. [41] In November 2015, the temporary scheduling was extended for another year. [42]

China

As of October 2015 25C-NBOMe is a controlled substance in China. [43]

Czech Republic

25C-NBOMe is banned in the Czech Republic. [44]

Analogues and derivatives

Analogues and derivatives of 2C-C:

25C-NB*:

N-(2C)-fentanyl:

Notes

  1. ↑ The potency of N-benzylphenethylamines via buccal, sublingual, or nasal absorption is 50-100 greater (by weight) than oral route compared to the parent 2C-x compounds. [24] Researchers hypothesize the low oral metabolic stability of N-benzylphenethylamines is likely causing the low bioavailability on the oral route, although the metabolic profile of this compounds remains unpredictable; therefore researchers state that the fatalities linked to these substances may partly be explained by differences in the metabolism between individuals. [24]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Serotonin receptor agonist</span> Neurotransmission-modulating substance

A serotonin receptor agonist is an agonist of one or more serotonin receptors. They activate serotonin receptors in a manner similar to that of serotonin, a neurotransmitter and hormone and the endogenous ligand of the serotonin receptors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">25I-NBOH</span> Chemical compound

25I-NBOH is a derivative of the phenethylamine-derived hallucinogen 2C-I that was discovered in 2006 by a team at Purdue University.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">25I-NBOMe</span> Synthetic hallucinogen

25I-NBOMe, also known as Smiles, or N-Bomb, is a novel synthetic psychoactive substance with strong hallucinogenic properties, synthesized in 2003 for research purposes. Since 2010, it has circulated in the recreational drug scene, often misrepresented as LSD.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2CBFly-NBOMe</span> Chemical compound

2CBFly-NBOMe is a compound indirectly derived from the phenethylamine hallucinogen 2C-B, and related to benzodifurans like 2C-B-FLY and N-benzylphenethylamines like 25I-NBOMe. It was discovered in 2002, and further researched by Ralf Heim at the Free University of Berlin, and subsequently investigated in more detail by a team at Purdue University led by David E. Nichols. It acts as a potent partial agonist for the 5-HT2A serotonin receptor subtype.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">25I-NBMD</span> Chemical compound

25I-NBMD is a derivative of the phenethylamine hallucinogen 2C-I, discovered in 2006 by a team at Purdue University led by David Nichols. It acts as a potent partial agonist for the 5HT2A receptor with a Ki of 0.049 nM at the human 5HT2A receptor. The corresponding 4-bromo analogue 25B-NBMD has been used for molecular dynamics studies on the shape of the 5-HT2A receptor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">25B-NBOMe</span> Chemical compound

25B-NBOMe is a derivative of the phenethylamine psychedelic 2C-B, discovered in 2004 by Ralf Heim at the Free University of Berlin. It acts as a potent full agonist for the 5HT2A receptor. Duration of effects lasts about 3–10 hours, although the parent compound is rapidly cleared from the blood when used in the radiolabeled form in tracer doses. Recently, Custodio et al. (2019) evaluated the potential involvement of dysregulated dopaminergic system, neuroadaptation, and brain wave changes which may contribute to the rewarding and reinforcing properties of 25B-NBOMe in rodents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">25I-NBF</span> Chemical compound

25I-NBF is a derivative of the phenethylamine hallucinogen 2C-I, which acts as a highly potent partial agonist for the human 5-HT2A receptor, with bias towards the β-arrestin 2 coupled signalling pathway. It has been studied in its 11C radiolabelled form as a potential ligand for mapping the distribution of 5-HT2A receptors in the brain, using positron emission tomography (PET).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">25TFM-NBOMe</span> Chemical compound

25TFM-NBOMe is a derivative of the phenethylamine hallucinogen 2C-TFM, discovered in 2004 by Ralf Heim at the Free University of Berlin. It acts as a potent partial agonist for the 5-HT2A receptor, though its relative potency is disputed, with some studies finding it to be of lower potency than 25I-NBOMe, while others show it to be of similar or higher potency, possibly because of differences in the assay used. 2C-TFM-NB2OMe can be taken to produce psychedelic effects similar to 2C-I-NB2OMe and 2C-D-NB2OMe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">25D-NBOMe</span> Chemical compound

25D-NBOMe is a derivative of the phenethylamine derived hallucinogen 2C-D. It acts in a similar manner to related compounds such as 25I-NBOMe, which is a potent agonist at the 5-HT2A receptor. 25D-NBOMe has been sold as a street drug since 2010 and produces similar effects in humans to related compounds such as 25I-NBOMe and 25C-NBOMe. It was banned as a Temporary Class Drug in the UK on 10 June 2013 after concerns about its recreational use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">25C-NBOH</span> Chemical compound

25-C-NBOH is a derivative of the phenethylamine derived hallucinogen 2C-C which has been sold as a designer drug. It has similar serotonin receptor affinity to the better-known compound 25C-NBOMe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">25CN-NBOMe</span> Chemical compound

25CN-NBOMe is a derivative of the phenethylamine 2C-CN. It acts in a similar manner to related compounds such as 25I-NBOMe, which are potent agonists at the 5HT2A receptor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">25N-NBOMe</span> Chemical compound

25N-NBOMe is a derivative of the hallucinogen 2C-N. The pharmacological properties of 25N-NBOMe have not been described in the scientific literature, but it is believed to act in a similar manner to related compounds such as 25I-NBOMe and 25C-NBOMe, which are potent agonists at the 5HT2A receptor. 25N-NBOMe has been sold as a street drug and has only been described in the literature in terms of identification by forensic analysis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">25E-NBOMe</span> Chemical compound

25E-NBOMe is a derivative of the phenethylamine 2C-E. It acts in a similar manner to related compounds such as 25I-NBOMe, which are potent agonists at the 5-HT2A receptor. 25E-NBOMe has been sold as a drug and produces similar effects in humans to related compounds such as 25I-NBOMe and 25C-NBOMe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">25P-NBOMe</span> Chemical compound

25P-NBOMe is a derivative of the phenethylamine 2C-P. It acts in a similar manner to related compounds such as 25I-NBOMe, which are potent agonists at the 5-HT2A receptor. 25P-NBOMe has been sold as a drug and produces similar effects in humans to related compounds such as 25I-NBOMe and 25C-NBOMe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">25I-NB34MD</span> Derivative of the phenethylamine hallucinogen 2C-I

25I-NB34MD (NB34MD-2C-I) is a derivative of the phenethylamine hallucinogen 2C-I, which acts as a potent partial agonist for the human 5-HT2A receptor, and presumably has similar properties to 2C-I. It has a binding affinity of 0.67nM at the human 5-HT2A receptor, making it several times weaker than its positional isomer 25I-NBMD and a similar potency to 25I-NBF.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">25G-NBOMe</span> Chemical compound

25G-NBOMe (NBOMe-2C-G) is a derivative of the phenethylamine hallucinogen 2C-G, which acts as a highly potent agonist for the human 5-HT2A receptor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">25H-NBOMe</span> Chemical compound

25H-NBOMe (NBOMe-2C-H) is a derivative of the phenethylamine hallucinogen 2C-H, which acts as a highly potent full agonist for the human 5-HT2A receptor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">25iP-NBOMe</span> Chemical compound

25iP-NBOMe is a derivative of the phenethylamine hallucinogen 2C-iP, which acts as a highly potent agonist for the human 5-HT2A receptor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">25-NB</span> Family of serotonergic psychedelics

The 25-NB (25x-NBx) series, sometimes alternatively referred to as the NBOMe compounds, is a family of serotonergic psychedelics. They are substituted phenethylamines and were derived from the 2C family. They act as selective agonists of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. The 25-NB family is unique relative to other classes of psychedelics in that they are, generally speaking, extremely potent and relatively selective for the 5-HT2A receptor. Use of NBOMe series drugs has caused many deaths and hospitalisations since the drugs popularisation in the 2010s. This is primarily due to their high potency, unpredictable pharmacokinetics, and sellers passing off the compounds in the series as LSD.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">25E-NBOH</span> Chemical compound

25E-NBOH is a derivative of the phenethylamine derived hallucinogen 2C-E. It was first developed by Martin Hansen at the University of Copenhagen in 2010 as a brain imaging agent, but has subsequently been sold as a designer drug, first being identified in Brazil in 2018 on seized blotter paper, as well as in Slovenia and France. It acts as a potent serotonin receptor agonist with similar affinity to better-known compounds such as 25I-NBOMe at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors.

References

  1. ↑ Anvisa (2023-07-24). "RDC Nº 804 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 804 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-07-25). Archived from the original on 2023-08-27. Retrieved 2023-08-27.
  2. ↑ "Substance Details 25C-NBOMe" . Retrieved 2024-01-23.
  3. 1 2 Ettrup A, Hansen M, Santini MA, Paine J, Gillings N, Palner M, et al. (April 2011). "Radiosynthesis and in vivo evaluation of a series of substituted 11C-phenethylamines as 5-HT (2A) agonist PET tracers". European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 38 (4): 681–693. doi:10.1007/s00259-010-1686-8. PMID   21174090. S2CID   12467684.
  4. ↑ Hansen M, Phonekeo K, Paine JS, Leth-Petersen S, Begtrup M, Bräuner-Osborne H, Kristensen JL (March 2014). "Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-benzyl phenethylamines as 5-HT2A/2C agonists". ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 5 (3): 243–249. doi:10.1021/cn400216u. PMC   3963123 . PMID   24397362.
  5. ↑ Hansen M (2010-12-16). Design and Synthesis of Selective Serotonin Receptor Agonists for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of the Brain (Ph.D. thesis). University of Copenhagen. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.33671.14245.
  6. ↑ Zuba D, Sekuła K, Buczek A (April 2013). "25C-NBOMe--new potent hallucinogenic substance identified on the drug market". Forensic Science International. 227 (1–3): 7–14. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.08.027. PMID   22989597.
  7. ↑ Kamińska K, Świt P, Malek K (2020). "25C-NBOMe short characterisation". Forensic Toxicology. 38 (2): 490–495. doi: 10.1007/s11419-020-00530-1 . S2CID   214704393.
  8. ↑ Lützen E, Holtkamp M, Stamme I, Schmid R, Sperling M, Pütz M, Karst U (April 2020). "Multimodal imaging of hallucinogens 25C- and 25I-NBOMe on blotter papers". Drug Testing and Analysis. 12 (4): 465–471. doi: 10.1002/dta.2751 . PMID   31846172. S2CID   209388281.
  9. ↑ 2C-C-NBOMe Dose - erowid
  10. ↑ Grautoff S, Kähler J (May 2014). "[Near fatal intoxication with the novel psychoactive substance 25C-NBOMe]". Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin (in German). 109 (4): 271–275. doi:10.1007/s00063-014-0360-5. PMID   24770890.
  11. ↑ Jolanta Z, Monika K, and Piotr A (26 February 2020). "NBOMes–Highly Potent and Toxic Alternatives of LSD". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 14: 78. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00078 . PMC   7054380 . PMID   32174803.
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  13. 1 2 3 4 Amy E, Katherine W, John R, Sonyoung K, Robert J, Aaron J (December 2018). "Neurochemical pharmacology of psychoactive substituted N-benzylphenethylamines: High potency agonists at 5-HT2A receptors". Biochemical Pharmacology. 158: 27–34. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2018.09.024. PMC   6298744 . PMID   30261175.
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  16. ↑ Micaela T, Sabrine B, Raffaella A, Giorgia C, Beatrice M, Tatiana B, Federica B, Giovanni S, Francesco B, Fabio G, Krystyna G, Matteo M (21 April 2022). "Effect of -NBOMe Compounds on Sensorimotor, Motor, and Prepulse Inhibition Responses in Mice in Comparison With the 2C Analogs and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: From Preclinical Evidence to Forensic Implication in Driving Under the Influence of Drugs". Front Psychiatry. 13: 875722. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.875722 . PMC   9069068 . PMID   35530025.
  17. 1 2 Cristina M, Matteo M, Nicholas P, Maria C, Micaela T, Raffaella A, Maria L (12 December 2019). "Neurochemical and Behavioral Profiling in Male and Female Rats of the Psychedelic Agent 25I-NBOMe". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 10: 1406. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01406 . PMC   6921684 . PMID   31915427.
  18. 1 2 3 Anna R, Dino L, Julia R, Daniele B, Marius H, Matthias L (December 2015). "Receptor interaction profiles of novel N-2-methoxybenzyl (NBOMe) derivatives of 2,5-dimethoxy-substituted phenethylamines (2C drugs)". Neuropharmacology. 99: 546–553. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.034. ISSN   1873-7064. PMID   26318099. S2CID   10382311.
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  20. ↑ Humston C, Miketic R, Moon K, Ma P, Tobias J (2017-06-05). "Toxic Leukoencephalopathy in a Teenager Caused by the Recreational Ingestion of 25I-NBOMe: A Case Report and Review of Literature". Journal of Medical Cases. 8 (6): 174–179. doi: 10.14740/jmc2811w . ISSN   1923-4163.
  21. ↑ Justin P, Stephen R, Kylin A, Alphonse P, Michelle P (2015). "Analysis of 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe and Other Dimethoxyphenyl-N-[(2-Methoxyphenyl) Methyl]Ethanamine Derivatives on Blotter Paper". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 39 (8): 617–623. doi:10.1093/jat/bkv073. PMC   4570937 . PMID   26378135.
  22. ↑ Morini L, Bernini M, Vezzoli S, Restori M, Moretti M, Crenna S, et al. (October 2017). "Death after 25C-NBOMe and 25H-NBOMe consumption". Forensic Science International. 279: e1–e6. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.08.028. PMID   28893436.
  23. ↑ Byard RW, Cox M, Stockham P (November 2016). "Blunt Craniofacial Trauma as a Manifestation of Excited Delirium Caused by New Psychoactive Substances". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 61 (6): 1546–1548. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13212. PMID   27723094. S2CID   4734566.
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  26. ↑ Boris D, Cristian C, Marcelo K, Edwar F, Bruce KC (August 2016). "Analysis of 25 C NBOMe in Seized Blotters by HPTLC and GC–MS". Journal of Chromatographic Science. 54 (7): 1153–1158. doi:10.1093/chromsci/bmw095. PMC   4941995 . PMID   27406128.
  27. ↑ Francesco SB, Ornella C, Gabriella A, Giuseppe V, Rita S, Flaminia BP, Eduardo C, Pierluigi S, Giovanni M, Guiseppe B, Fabrizio S (3 July 2014). "25C-NBOMe: preliminary data on pharmacology, psychoactive effects, and toxicity of a new potent and dangerous hallucinogenic drug". BioMed Research International. 2014: 734749. doi: 10.1155/2014/734749 . PMC   4106087 . PMID   25105138.
  28. ↑ Adam JP, Simon HT, Simon LH (September 2021). "Pharmacology and toxicology of N-Benzyl-phenylethylamines (25X-NBOMe) hallucinogens". Novel Psychoactive Substances: Classification, Pharmacology and Toxicology (2 ed.). Academic Press. pp. 279–300. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-818788-3.00008-5. ISBN   978-0-12-818788-3. S2CID   240583877.
  29. ↑ Rothman RB, Baumann MH, Savage JE, Rauser L, McBride A, Hufeisen SJ, Roth BL (Dec 2000). "Evidence for possible involvement of 5-HT(2B) receptors in the cardiac valvulopathy associated with fenfluramine and other serotonergic medications". Circulation. 102 (23): 2836–41. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.102.23.2836 . PMID   11104741.
  30. ↑ Fitzgerald LW, Burn TC, Brown BS, Patterson JP, Corjay MH, Valentine PA, Sun JH, Link JR, Abbaszade I, Hollis JM, Largent BL, Hartig PR, Hollis GF, Meunier PC, Robichaud AJ, Robertson DW (Jan 2000). "Possible role of valvular serotonin 5-HT(2B) receptors in the cardiopathy associated with fenfluramine". Molecular Pharmacology. 57 (1): 75–81. PMID   10617681.
  31. ↑ Roth BL (Jan 2007). "Drugs and valvular heart disease". The New England Journal of Medicine. 356 (1): 6–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMp068265. PMID   17202450.
  32. ↑ Xu P, Qiu Q, Li H, Yan S, Yang M, Naman CB, et al. (26 February 2019). "25C-NBOMe, a Novel Designer Psychedelic, Induces Neurotoxicity 50 Times More Potent Than Methamphetamine In Vitro". Neurotoxicity Research. 35 (4): 993–998. doi:10.1007/s12640-019-0012-x. PMID   30806983. S2CID   255763701.
  33. ↑ Álvarez-Alarcón N, Osorio-Méndez JJ, Ayala-Fajardo A, Garzón-Méndez WF, Garavito-Aguilar ZV (2021). "Zebrafish and Artemia salina in vivo evaluation of the recreational 25C-NBOMe drug demonstrates its high toxicity". Toxicology Reports. 8: 315–323. doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.01.010. ISSN   2214-7500. PMC   7868744 . PMID   33598409.
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