Prucalopride

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Prucalopride
Prucalopride.svg
Clinical data
Trade names Resolor, Resotran, Motegrity
Other namesR-093877, R-108512
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a619011
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU:B1
Routes of
administration 		By mouth
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S4 (Prescription only) [1]
  • UK: POM (Prescription only)
  • US: ℞-only [2]
  • EU:Rx-only [3]
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Identifiers
  • 4-Amino-5-chloro-N-[1-(3-methoxypropyl)piperidin-4-yl]-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-7-carboxamide
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
Formula C18H26ClN3O3
Molar mass 367.87 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • COCCCN1CCC(CC1)NC(=O)C2=CC(=C(C3=C2OCC3)N)Cl
  • InChI=1S/C18H26ClN3O3/c1-24-9-2-6-22-7-3-12(4-8-22)21-18(23)14-11-15(19)16(20)13-5-10-25-17(13)14/h11-12H,2-10,20H2,1H3,(H,21,23) X mark.svgN
  • Key:ZPMNHBXQOOVQJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N X mark.svgN
 X mark.svgNYes check.svgY  (what is this?)    (verify)

Prucalopride, sold under brand names Resolor and Motegrity among others, is a medication acting as a selective, high affinity 5-HT4 receptor agonist [4] which targets the impaired motility associated with chronic constipation, thus normalizing bowel movements. [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Prucalopride was approved for medical use in the European Union in 2009, [3] in Canada in 2011, [11] in Israel in 2014, [12] and in the United States in December 2018. [13] The drug has also been tested for the treatment of chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. [14] [15]

Contents

Medical uses

The primary measure of efficacy in the clinical trials is three or more spontaneous complete bowel movements per week; a secondary measure is an increase of at least one complete spontaneous bowel movement per week. [10] [16] [17] Further measures are improvements in PAC-QOL [18] (a quality of life measure) and PAC-SYM [19] (a range of stool, abdominal, and rectal symptoms associated with chronic constipation). Infrequent bowel movements, bloating, straining, abdominal pain, and defecation urge with inability to evacuate can be severe symptoms, significantly affecting quality of life. [20] [21] [22] [23] [24]

In three large clinical trials, 12 weeks of treatment with prucalopride 2 and 4 mg/day resulted in a significantly higher proportion of patients reaching the primary efficacy endpoint of an average of ≥3 spontaneous complete bowel movements than with placebo. [10] [16] [17] There was also significantly improved bowel habit and associated symptoms, patient satisfaction with bowel habit and treatment, and HR-QOL in patients with severe chronic constipation, including those who did not experience adequate relief with prior therapies (>80% of the trial participants). [10] [16] [17] The improvement in patient satisfaction with bowel habit and treatment was maintained during treatment for up to 24 months; prucalopride therapy was generally well tolerated. [25] [26]

Small clinical trials suggested that prucalopride administration results in the 5-HT4 receptor agonism-associated memory enhancing in healthy participants improving their ability to recall and increasing neural activation in the hippocampus and functionally related areas. [27] [28]

Contraindications

Prucalopride is contraindicated where there is hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients, renal impairment requiring dialysis, intestinal perforation or obstruction due to structural or functional disorder of the gut wall, obstructive ileus, severe inflammatory conditions of the intestinal tract, such as Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis and toxic megacolon/megarectum. [29]

Side effects

Prucalopride has been given orally to ~2700 patients with chronic constipation in controlled clinical trials. The most frequently reported side effects are headache and gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, nausea or diarrhea). Such reactions occur predominantly at the start of therapy and usually disappear within a few days with continued treatment. [29]

Mechanism of action

Prucalopride, a first in class dihydro-benzofuran-carboxamide, is a selective, high affinity serotonin (5-HT4) receptor agonist with enterokinetic activities. [29] Prucalopride alters colonic motility patterns via serotonin 5-HT4 receptor stimulation: it stimulates colonic mass movements, which provide the main propulsive force for defecation.

The observed effects are exerted via highly selective action on 5-HT4 receptors: [29] prucalopride has >150-fold higher affinity for 5-HT4 receptors than for other receptors. [4] [30] Prucalopride differs from other 5-HT4 agonists such as tegaserod and cisapride, which at therapeutic concentrations also interact with other receptors (5-HT1B/D and the cardiac human ether-a-go-go K+ or hERG channel respectively) and this may account for the adverse cardiovascular events that have resulted in the restricted availability of these drugs. [30] Clinical trials evaluating the effect of prucalopride on QT interval and related adverse events have not demonstrated significant differences compared with placebo. [29]

Pharmacokinetics

Prucalopride is rapidly absorbed (Cmax attained 2–3 hours after single 2 mg oral dose) and is extensively distributed. Metabolism is not the major route of elimination. In vitro, human liver metabolism is very slow and only minor amounts of metabolites are found. A large fraction of the active substance is excreted unchanged (about 60% of the administered dose in urine and at least 6% in feces). Renal excretion of unchanged prucalopride involves both passive filtration and active secretion. Plasma clearance averages 317 ml/min, terminal half-life is 24–30 hours, [31] and steady-state is reached within 3–4 days. On once daily treatment with 2 mg prucalopride, steady-state plasma concentrations fluctuate between trough and peak values of 2.5 and 7 ng/ml, respectively. [29]

In vitro data indicate that prucalopride has a low interaction potential, and therapeutic concentrations of prucalopride are not expected to affect the CYP-mediated metabolism of co-medicated medicinal products. [29]

Approval

In the European Economic Area, prucalopride was originally approved for the symptomatic treatment of chronic constipation in women in whom laxatives fail to provide adequate relief. [29] Subsequently, it has been approved by the European Commission for use in adults – that is, including male patients – for the same indication. [32]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Constipation</span> Bowel dysfunction

Constipation is a bowel dysfunction that makes bowel movements infrequent or hard to pass. The stool is often hard and dry. Other symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, and feeling as if one has not completely passed the bowel movement. Complications from constipation may include hemorrhoids, anal fissure or fecal impaction. The normal frequency of bowel movements in adults is between three per day and three per week. Babies often have three to four bowel movements per day while young children typically have two to three per day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laxative</span> Agents that relax and loosen the bowels and stools

Laxatives, purgatives, or aperients are substances that loosen stools and increase bowel movements. They are used to treat and prevent constipation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Irritable bowel syndrome</span> Functional gastrointestinal disorder

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by a group of symptoms that commonly include abdominal pain, abdominal bloating and changes in the consistency of bowel movements. These symptoms may occur over a long time, sometimes for years. IBS can negatively affect quality of life and may result in missed school or work or reduced productivity at work. Disorders such as anxiety, major depression, and chronic fatigue syndrome are common among people with IBS.

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID), also known as disorders of gut–brain interaction, include a number of separate idiopathic disorders which affect different parts of the gastrointestinal tract and involve visceral hypersensitivity and motility disturbances.

Functional constipation, also known as chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC), is defined by less than three bowel movements per week, hard stools, severe straining, the sensation of anorectal blockage, the feeling of incomplete evacuation, and the need for manual maneuvers during feces, without organic abnormalities. Many illnesses, including endocrine, metabolic, neurological, mental, and gastrointestinal obstructions, can cause constipation as a secondary symptom. When there is no such cause, functional constipation is diagnosed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth</span> Medical condition

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), also termed bacterial overgrowth, or small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome (SBBOS), is a disorder of excessive bacterial growth in the small intestine. Unlike the colon, which is rich with bacteria, the small bowel usually has fewer than 100,000 organisms per millilitre. Patients with bacterial overgrowth typically develop symptoms which may include nausea, bloating, vomiting, diarrhea, malnutrition, weight loss, and malabsorption by various mechanisms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lactulose</span> Treatment for constipation and hepatic encephalopathy

Lactulose is a non-absorbable sugar used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It is administered orally for constipation, and either orally or rectally for hepatic encephalopathy. It generally begins working after 8–12 hours, but may take up to 2 days to improve constipation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colestyramine</span> Pharmaceutical drug

Colestyramine (INN) or cholestyramine (USAN) is a bile acid sequestrant, which binds bile in the gastrointestinal tract to prevent its reabsorption. It is a strong ion exchange resin, which means it can exchange its chloride anions with anionic bile acids in the gastrointestinal tract and bind them strongly in the resin matrix. The functional group of the anion exchange resin is a quaternary ammonium group attached to an inert styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Renzapride</span> Chemical compound

Renzapride is a prokinetic agent and antiemetic which acts as a full 5-HT4 agonist and partial 5-HT3 antagonist. It also functions as a 5-HT2B antagonist and has some affinity for the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rifaximin</span> Antibiotic medication

Rifaximin, is a non-absorbable, broad spectrum antibiotic mainly used to treat travelers' diarrhea. It is based on the rifamycin antibiotics family. Since its approval in Italy in 1987, it has been licensed in over more than 30 countries for the treatment of a variety of gastrointestinal diseases like irritable bowel syndrome, and hepatic encephalopathy. It acts by inhibiting RNA synthesis in susceptible bacteria by binding to the RNA polymerase enzyme. This binding blocks translocation, which stops transcription. It is marketed under the brand name Xifaxan by Salix Pharmaceuticals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intestinal pseudo-obstruction</span> Medical condition

Intestinal pseudo-obstruction (IPO) is a clinical syndrome caused by severe impairment in the ability of the intestines to push food through. It is characterized by the signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction without any lesion in the intestinal lumen. Clinical features mimic those seen with mechanical intestinal obstructions and can include abdominal pain, nausea, abdominal distension, vomiting, dysphagia and constipation depending upon the part of the gastrointestinal tract involved.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mosapride</span> Chemical compound

Mosapride is a gastroprokinetic agent that acts as a selective 5HT4 agonist. The major active metabolite of mosapride, known as M1, additionally acts as a 5HT3 antagonist, which accelerates gastric emptying throughout the whole of the gastrointestinal tract in humans, and is used for the treatment of gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome. It is recommended to be taken on an empty stomach (i.e. at least one hour before food or two hours after food).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Itopride</span> Chemical compound

Itopride (INN; brand name Ganaton) is a prokinetic benzamide derivative. These drugs inhibit dopamine and acetylcholine esterase enzyme and have a gastrokinetic effect. Itopride is indicated for the treatment of functional dyspepsia and other gastrointestinal conditions. It is a combined D2 receptor antagonist and acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Itopride is the dimethoxy analog of trimethobenzamide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dexloxiglumide</span> Chemical compound

Dexloxiglumide is a drug which acts as a cholecystokinin antagonist, selective for the CCKA subtype. It inhibits gastrointestinal motility and reduces gastric secretions, and despite older selective CCKA antagonists such as lorglumide and devazepide having had only limited success in trials and ultimately never making it into clinical use, dexloxiglumide is being investigated as a potential treatment for a variety of gastrointestinal problems including irritable bowel syndrome, dyspepsia, constipation and pancreatitis, and has had moderate success so far although trials are still ongoing.

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References

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  2. ↑ "Motegrity- prucalopride tablet, film coated". DailyMed. 28 October 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  3. 1 2 "Resolor EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 17 November 2009. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010.
  4. 1 2 Briejer MR, Bosmans JP, Van Daele P, Jurzak M, Heylen L, Leysen JE, et al. (June 2001). "The in vitro pharmacological profile of prucalopride, a novel enterokinetic compound". European Journal of Pharmacology. 423 (1): 71–83. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(01)01087-1. PMID   11438309.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  5. ↑ Clinical trial number NCT00793247 for "Efficacy Study of Prucalopride to Treat Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction (CIP)" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  6. ↑ Emmanuel AV, Kamm MA, Roy AJ, Kerstens R, Vandeplassche L (January 2012). "Randomised clinical trial: the efficacy of prucalopride in patients with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction--a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, multiple n = 1 study". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 35 (1): 48–55. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04907.x. PMC   3298655 . PMID   22061077.
  7. ↑ Smart CJ, Ramesh AN (August 2012). "The successful treatment of acute refractory pseudo-obstruction with prucalopride". Colorectal Disease. 14 (8): e508. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1318.2011.02929.x. PMID   22212130. S2CID   29060148.
  8. ↑ Bouras EP, Camilleri M, Burton DD, McKinzie S (May 1999). "Selective stimulation of colonic transit by the benzofuran 5HT4 agonist, prucalopride, in healthy humans". Gut. 44 (5): 682–6. doi:10.1136/gut.44.5.682. PMC   1727485 . PMID   10205205.
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  11. ↑ "Health Canada, Notice of Decision for Resotran". hc-sc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
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  15. ↑ Oustamanolakis P, Tack J (February 2012). "Prucalopride for chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 35 (3): 398–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04947.x . PMID   22221087. S2CID   5526239.
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  18. ↑ Marquis P, De La Loge C, Dubois D, McDermott A, Chassany O (May 2005). "Development and validation of the Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life questionnaire". Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 40 (5): 540–51. doi:10.1080/00365520510012208. PMID   16036506. S2CID   34620643.
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  22. ↑ McCrea GL, Miaskowski C, Stotts NA, Macera L, Paul SM, Varma MG (April 2009). "Gender differences in self-reported constipation characteristics, symptoms, and bowel and dietary habits among patients attending a specialty clinic for constipation". Gender Medicine. 6 (1): 259–71. doi:10.1016/j.genm.2009.04.007. PMID   19467522.
  23. ↑ Pare P, Ferrazzi S, Thompson WG, Irvine EJ, Rance L (November 2001). "An epidemiological survey of constipation in canada: definitions, rates, demographics, and predictors of health care seeking". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 96 (11): 3130–7. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.05259.x. PMID   11721760. S2CID   8578282.
  24. ↑ Wald A, Scarpignato C, Kamm MA, Mueller-Lissner S, Helfrich I, Schuijt C, et al. (July 2007). "The burden of constipation on quality of life: results of a multinational survey". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 26 (2): 227–36. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03376.x . PMID   17593068. S2CID   19457828.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  25. ↑ Camilleri M, Beyens G, Kerstens R, Vandeplassche L (2009). "Long-term follow-up of safety and satisfaction with bowel function in response to oral prucalopride in patients with chronic constipation [Abstract]". Gastroenterology. 136 (Suppl 1): 160. doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(09)60143-8.
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  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 SmPC. Summary of product characteristics Resolor (prucalopride) October 2009: 1-9.
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