Magnesium citrate

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Magnesium citrate
Magnesiumhydrogencitrat V1.svg
Names
IUPAC name
Magnesium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.121.319 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 231-923-9
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/2C6H8O7.3Mg/c2*7-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10;;;/h2*13H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12);;;/q;;3*+2/p-6 Yes check.svgY
    Key: PLSARIKBYIPYPF-UHFFFAOYSA-H Yes check.svgY
  • C(C(=O)O)C(CC(=O)[O-])(C(=O)[O-])O.[Mg+2]
Properties
C6H6MgO7
Molar mass 214.412 g·mol−1
20 g/100ml
Pharmacology
A06AD19 ( WHO ) A12CC04 ( WHO ), B05CB03 ( WHO )
Related compounds
Related salts
 Magnesium citrate (3:2)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Magnesium citrates are metal-organic compounds formed from citrate and magnesium ions. They are salts. One form is the 1:1 magnesium preparation in salt form with citric acid in a 1:1 ratio (1 magnesium atom per citrate molecule). It contains 11.33% magnesium by weight. Magnesium citrate (sensu lato) is used medicinally as a saline laxative and to empty the bowel before major surgery or a colonoscopy. It is available without a prescription, both as a generic and under various brand names. It is also used in the pill form as a magnesium dietary supplement. As a food additive, magnesium citrate is used to regulate acidity and is known as E number E345.

Structures

The structures of solid magnesium citrates have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. In the 1:1 salt, only one carboxylate of citrate is deprotonated. It has the formula Mg(H2C6H5O7)2 The other form of magnesium citrate has the formula Mg(HC6H5O7)(H2O)2, consisting of the citrate dianion (both carboxylic acids are deprotonated). [1] Thus, it is clear that name "magnesium citrate" is ambiguous and sometimes may refer to other salts such as trimagnesium dicitrate which has a magnesium:citrate ratio of 3:2, or monomagnesium dicitrate with a ratio of 1:2, or a mix of two or three of the salts of magnesium and citric acid.

Mechanism of action

Magnesium citrate works by attracting water through the tissues by a process known as osmosis. Once in the intestine, it can attract enough water into the intestine to induce defecation. [2] [3] The additional water stimulates bowel motility. This means it can also be used to treat rectal and colon problems. Magnesium citrate functions best on an empty stomach, and should always be followed with a full (eight-ounce or 250 ml) glass of water or juice to help counteract water loss and aid in absorption. Magnesium citrate solutions generally produce bowel movement in one-half to three hours. [4]

Use and dosage

The maximum upper tolerance limit (UTL) for magnesium in supplement form for adults is 350 mg of elemental magnesium per day, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH). [5] In addition, according to the NIH, total dietary requirements for magnesium from all sources (in other words, food and supplements) is 320–420 mg of elemental magnesium per day, though there is no UT for dietary magnesium.

Laxative

Magnesium citrate is used as a laxative agent. [6] [7] It is not recommended for use in children and infants two years of age or less. [8]

Magnesium deficiency treatment

Although less common, as a magnesium supplement the citrate form is sometimes used because it is believed to be more bioavailable than other common pill forms, such as magnesium oxide. [9] [ citation needed ] But, according to one study, magnesium gluconate was found to be marginally more bioavailable than even magnesium citrate. [10]

Potassium-magnesium citrate, as a supplement in pill form, is useful for the prevention of kidney stones. [11]

Side effects

Magnesium citrate is generally not a harmful substance, but care should be taken by consulting a healthcare professional if any adverse health problems are suspected or experienced. Extreme magnesium overdose can result in serious complications such as slow heartbeat, low blood pressure, nausea, drowsiness, etc. If severe enough, an overdose can even result in coma or death. [12] However, a moderate overdose will be excreted through the kidneys, unless one has serious kidney problems. Rectal bleeding or failure to have a bowel movement after use could be signs of a serious condition.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnesium</span> Chemical element with atomic number 12 (Mg)

Magnesium is a chemical element; it has symbol Mg and atomic number 12. It is a shiny gray metal having a low density, low melting point and high chemical reactivity. Like the other alkaline earth metals it occurs naturally only in combination with other elements and almost always has an oxidation state of +2. It reacts readily with air to form a thin passivation coating of magnesium oxide that inhibits further corrosion of the metal. The free metal burns with a brilliant-white light. The metal is obtained mainly by electrolysis of magnesium salts obtained from brine. It is less dense than aluminium and is used primarily as a component in strong and lightweight alloys that contain aluminium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kidney stone disease</span> Formation of mineral stones in the urinary tract

Kidney stone disease, also known as renal calculus disease, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis, is a crystallopathy where a solid piece of material develops in the urinary tract. Renal calculi typically form in the kidney and leave the body in the urine stream. A small calculus may pass without causing symptoms. If a stone grows to more than 5 millimeters, it can cause blockage of the ureter, resulting in sharp and severe pain in the lower back that often radiates downward to the groin. A calculus may also result in blood in the urine, vomiting, or painful urination. About half of people who have had a renal calculus are likely to have another within ten years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Citric acid</span> Weak organic acid

Citric acid is an organic compound with the skeletal formula HOC(CO2H)(CH2CO2H)2. It is a colorless weak organic acid. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits. In biochemistry, it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laxative</span> Agents that relax and loosen the bowels and stools

Laxatives, purgatives, or aperients are substances that loosen stools and increase bowel movements. They are used to treat and prevent constipation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnesium sulfate</span> Chemical compound with formula MgSO4

Magnesium sulfate or magnesium sulphate is a chemical compound, a salt with the formula MgSO4, consisting of magnesium cations Mg2+ (20.19% by mass) and sulfate anions SO2−4. It is a white crystalline solid, soluble in water but not in ethanol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calcium citrate</span> Chemical compound

Calcium citrate is the calcium salt of citric acid. It is commonly used as a food additive (E333), usually as a preservative, but sometimes for flavor. In this sense, it is similar to sodium citrate. Calcium citrate is also found in some dietary calcium supplements. Calcium makes up 24.1% of calcium citrate (anhydrous) and 21.1% of calcium citrate (tetrahydrate) by mass. The tetrahydrate occurs in nature as the mineral Earlandite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Potassium citrate</span> Chemical compound

Potassium citrate (also known as tripotassium citrate) is a potassium salt of citric acid with the molecular formula K3C6H5O7. It is a white, hygroscopic crystalline powder. It is odorless with a saline taste. It contains 38.28% potassium by mass. In the monohydrate form, it is highly hygroscopic and deliquescent.

Magnesium deficiency is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is a low level of magnesium in the body. Symptoms include tremor, poor coordination, muscle spasms, loss of appetite, personality changes, and nystagmus. Complications may include seizures or cardiac arrest such as from torsade de pointes. Those with low magnesium often have low potassium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bisacodyl</span> Laxative

Bisacodyl (INN) is an organic compound that is used as a stimulant laxative drug. It works directly on the colon to produce a bowel movement. It is typically prescribed for relief of episodic and chronic constipation and for the management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction, as well as part of bowel preparation before medical examinations, such as for a colonoscopy.

Calcium citrate malate is a water-soluble calcium supplement. It is the calcium salt of citric acid and malic acid with variable composition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ammonium ferric citrate</span> Highly soluble organic compound, food ingredient

Ammonium ferric citrate has the formula [NH4]y[Fex(C6H4O7)]. The iron in this compound is trivalent. All three carboxyl groups and the central hydroxyl group of citric acid are deprotonated. A distinguishing feature of this compound is that it is very soluble in water, in contrast to ferric citrate which is not very soluble.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium picosulfate</span> Chemical compound

Sodium picosulfate is a contact stimulant laxative used as a treatment for constipation or to prepare the large bowel before colonoscopy or surgery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnesium gluconate</span> Chemical compound

Magnesium gluconate is a compound with formula MgC12H22O14. It is the magnesium salt of gluconic acid.

Magnesium aspartate is a magnesium salt of aspartic acid. It is used as a mineral supplement, and as an ingredient in manufacturing of cosmetics and household products.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Macrogol</span> Medication for constipation, classified as an osmotic laxative

Macrogol, also called polyethylene glycol (PEG), is used as a laxative to treat constipation in children and adults. It is taken by mouth. Benefits usually occur within three days. Generally it is only recommended for up to two weeks. It is also used as an excipient. It is also used to clear the bowels before a colonoscopy, when the onset of the laxative effect is more rapid, typically within an hour.

Sodium citrate may refer to any of the sodium salts of citric acid :

Magnesium salts are available as a medication in a number of formulations. They are used to treat magnesium deficiency, low blood magnesium, eclampsia, and several other conditions. Magnesium is an essential nutrient.

Magnesium glycinate, also known as magnesium diglycinate or magnesium bisglycinate, is the magnesium salt of glycine, and is sold as a dietary supplement. It contains 14.1% elemental magnesium by mass.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calcium supplement</span> Dietary mineral supplement

Calcium supplements are salts of calcium used in a number of conditions. Supplementation is generally only required when there is not enough calcium in the diet. By mouth they are used to treat and prevent low blood calcium, osteoporosis, and rickets. By injection into a vein they are used for low blood calcium that is resulting in muscle spasms and for high blood potassium or magnesium toxicity.

Alkali citrate is an inhibitor of kidney stones. It is used to increase urine citrate levels - this prevents calcium oxalate stones by binding to calcium and inhibiting its binding to oxalate. It is also used to increase urine pH - this prevents uric acid stones and cystine stones.

References

  1. ↑ Kaduk, James A. (2020). "Crystal structures of two magnesium citrates from powder diffraction data". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 76 (10): 1611–1616. Bibcode:2020AcCrE..76.1611K. doi:10.1107/S2056989020011913. PMC   7534234 . PMID   33117574.
  2. ↑ Song, Ki Hwan; Suh, Wu Seok; Jeong, Jin Sik; Kim, Dong Sik; Kim, Sang Woo; Kwak, Dong Min; Hwang, Jong Seong; Kim, Hyun Jin; Park, Man Woo; Shim, Min Chul; Koo, Ja-Il (October 2014). "Effectiveness of Sodium Picosulfate/Magnesium Citrate (PICO) for Colonoscopy Preparation". Annals of Coloproctology. 30 (5): 222–227. doi:10.3393/ac.2014.30.5.222. ISSN   2287-9714. PMC   4213938 . PMID   25360429.
  3. ↑ Ogbru, Omudhome, PharmD (2 December 2021). "Magnesium Citrate". medicinenet.com.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ↑ "Magnesium Citrate". WebMD. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  5. ↑ "Magnesium". ods.od.nih.gov. US: Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health.
  6. ↑ "Magnesium Citrate: MedlinePlus Drug Information". medlineplus.gov.
  7. ↑ "Magnesium Citrate – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". sciencedirect.com.
  8. ↑ "magnesium_citrate-oral" at medicinenet.com
  9. ↑ Schuchardt, Jan Philipp; Hahn, Andreas (2017). "Intestinal Absorption and Factors Influencing Bioavailability of Magnesium- An Update". Current Nutrition & Food Science. 13 (4): 260–278. doi:10.2174/1573401313666170427162740. PMC   5652077 . PMID   29123461 – via Bentham Science.
  10. ↑ Coudray, C; Rambeau, M; Feillet-Coudray, C; et al. (December 2005). "Study of magnesium bioavailability from ten organic and inorganic Mg salts in Mg-depleted rats using a stable isotope approach". Magnesium Research . 18 (4): 215–23. PMID   16548135.
  11. ↑ Ettinger, B; Pak, CY; Citron, JT; Thomas, C; Adams-Huet, B; Vangessel, A (December 1997). "Potassium-magnesium citrate is an effective prophylaxis against recurrent calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis". J Urol . 158 (6): 2069–73. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)68155-2. PMID   9366314.
  12. ↑ magnesium citrate. Cerner Multum. Drugs.com. 12 April 2009.
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