Potassium acetate

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Potassium acetate
Potassium acetate skeletal.png
Acetate-anion-3D-balls.png
Potassium-3D.png
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Potassium acetate
Other names
Potassium ethanoate, E261
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.004.385 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
E number E261 (preservatives)
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C2H4O2.K/c1-2(3)4;/h1H3,(H,3,4);/q;+1/p-1 X mark.svgN
    Key: SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M X mark.svgN
  • InChI=1/C2H4O2.K/c1-2(3)4;/h1H3,(H,3,4);/q;+1/p-1
    Key: SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-REWHXWOFAA
  • CC(=O)[O-].[K+]
Properties
C2H3KO2
Molar mass 98.142 g·mol−1
AppearanceWhite deliquescent crystalline powder
Density 1.8 g/cm3 (20 °C) [1]
1.57 g/cm3 (25 °C)
Melting point 292 °C (558 °F; 565 K)
Boiling point Decomposes
216.7 g/100 mL (0.1 °C)
233.8 g/100 mL (10 °C)
268.6 g/100 mL (25 °C)
320.8 g/100 mL (40 °C)
390.7 g/100 mL (96 °C) [2]
Solubility Soluble in alcohol, liquid ammonia
Insoluble in ether, acetone
Solubility in methanol 24.24 g/100 g (15 °C)
53.54 g/100 g (73.4 °C) [1]
Solubility in ethanol 16.3 g/100 g [1]
Solubility in sulfur dioxide 0.06 g/kg (0 °C) [1]
Acidity (pKa)4.76
Structure
Monoclinic
Thermochemistry
109.38 J/mol·K [3]
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298)
150.82 J/mol·K [3]
−722.6 kJ/mol [1]
Pharmacology
B05XA17 ( WHO )
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704.svgHealth 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentineFlammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oilInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
1
1
0
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
3250 mg/kg (oral, rat) [4]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
X mark.svgN  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Potassium acetate (also called potassium ethanoate), (CH3COOK) is the potassium salt of acetic acid. It is a hygroscopic solid at room temperature.

Contents

Preparation

It can be prepared by treating a potassium-containing base such as potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate with acetic acid:

CH3COOH + KOH → CH3COOK + H2O

This sort of reaction is known as an acid-base neutralization reaction.

At saturation, the sesquihydrate in water solution (CH3COOK·1½H2O) begins to form semihydrate at 41.3 °C. [2]

Applications

Deicing

Potassium acetate (as a substitute for calcium chloride or magnesium chloride) can be used as a deicer to remove ice or prevent its formation. It offers the advantage of being less aggressive on soils and much less corrosive: [5] for this reason, it is preferred for airport runways although it is more expensive. [6]

Fire extinguishing

Potassium acetate is the extinguishing agent used in Class K fire extinguishers because of its ability to cool and form a crust over burning oils.

Food additive

Potassium acetate is used in processed foods as a preservative and acidity regulator. In the European Union, it is labeled by the E number E261; [7] it is also approved for usage in the USA, [8] Australia, and New Zealand. [9] Potassium hydrogen diacetate (CAS #4251-29-0 ) with formula KH(OOCCH3)2 is a related food additive with the same E number as potassium acetate.

Medicine and biochemistry

In medicine, potassium acetate is used as part of electrolyte replacement protocols in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis because of its ability to break down to bicarbonate to help neutralize the acidotic state.

In molecular biology, potassium acetate is used to precipitate Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and SDS-bound proteins to allow their removal from DNA.

Potassium acetate is used in mixtures applied for tissue preservation, fixation, and mummification. Most museums today use a formaldehyde-based method recommended by Kaiserling in 1897 which contains potassium acetate. [10] This process was used to soak Lenin's corpse. [11]

Use in executions

Potassium acetate was incorrectly used in place of potassium chloride when putting a prisoner to death in Oklahoma in January 2015. [12] Charles Frederick Warner was executed on January 15, 2015 with potassium acetate; this was not public knowledge until the scheduled execution of Richard Glossip was called off. [13] In August 2017, the U.S. state of Florida executed Mark James Asay using a combination of etomidate, rocuronium bromide, and potassium acetate. [14] The drug was also used in the February 2023 execution of Donald Dillbeck, once again in combination with etomidate and rocuronium bromide. [15]

Industry

Potassium acetate is used as a catalyst in the production of polyurethanes. [16]

Historical

It is used as a diuretic and urinary alkalizer. Before modern chemistry, it was variously called terra foliata tartari, sal Sennerti , tartarus regeneratus,arcanum tartari and sal diureticus. [17] In 1760 it was used in the preparation of Cadet's fuming liquid ((CH3)2As)2O, the first organometallic compound ever produced.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carboxylic acid</span> Organic compound containing a –C(=O)OH group

In organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group attached to an R-group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is often written as R−COOH or R−CO2H, sometimes as R−C(O)OH with R referring to an organyl group, or hydrogen, or other groups. Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important examples include the amino acids and fatty acids. Deprotonation of a carboxylic acid gives a carboxylate anion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lethal injection</span> Form of execution involving injection of chemicals into the bloodstream

Lethal injection is the practice of injecting one or more drugs into a person for the express purpose of causing rapid death. The main application for this procedure is capital punishment, but the term may also be applied in a broader sense to include euthanasia and other forms of suicide. The drugs cause the person to become unconscious, stops their breathing, and causes a heart arrhythmia, in that order.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Potassium chloride</span> Ionic compound (KCl)

Potassium chloride is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chlorine. It is odorless and has a white or colorless vitreous crystal appearance. The solid dissolves readily in water, and its solutions have a salt-like taste. Potassium chloride can be obtained from ancient dried lake deposits. KCl is used as a fertilizer, in medicine, in scientific applications, domestic water softeners, and in food processing, where it may be known as E number additive E508.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acetate</span> Salt compound formed from acetic acid and a base

An acetate is a salt formed by the combination of acetic acid with a base. "Acetate" also describes the conjugate base or ion typically found in aqueous solution and written with the chemical formula C
2H
3O−
2. The neutral molecules formed by the combination of the acetate ion and a positive ion are also commonly called "acetates". The simplest of these is hydrogen acetate with corresponding salts, esters, and the polyatomic anion CH
3CO−
2, or CH
3COO−
.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acetic anhydride</span> Organic compound with formula (CH₃CO)₂O

Acetic anhydride, or ethanoic anhydride, is the chemical compound with the formula (CH3CO)2O. Commonly abbreviated Ac2O, it is the simplest isolable anhydride of a carboxylic acid and is widely used as a reagent in organic synthesis. It is a colorless liquid that smells strongly of acetic acid, which is formed by its reaction with moisture in the air.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium acetate</span> Chemical compound

Sodium acetate, CH3COONa, also abbreviated NaOAc, is the sodium salt of acetic acid. This colorless deliquescent salt has a wide range of uses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acetyl chloride</span> Organic compound (CH₃COCl)

Acetyl chloride is an acyl chloride derived from acetic acid. It belongs to the class of organic compounds called acid halides. It is a colorless, corrosive, volatile liquid. Its formula is commonly abbreviated to AcCl.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Triacetin</span> Chemical compound

Triacetin is the organic compound with the formula C3H5(OCOCH3)3. It is classified as a triglyceride, i.e., the triester of glycerol with acetic acid. It is a colorless, viscous, and odorless liquid with a high boiling point and a low melting point. It has a mild, sweet taste in concentrations lower than 500 ppm, but may appear bitter at higher concentrations. It is one of the glycerine acetate compounds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ammonium acetate</span> Chemical compound

Ammonium acetate, also known as spirit of Mindererus in aqueous solution, is a chemical compound with the formula NH4CH3CO2. It is a white, hygroscopic solid and can be derived from the reaction of ammonia and acetic acid. It is available commercially.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rocuronium bromide</span> Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker

Rocuronium bromide is an aminosteroid non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker or muscle relaxant used in modern anaesthesia to facilitate tracheal intubation by providing skeletal muscle relaxation, most commonly required for surgery or mechanical ventilation. It is used for standard endotracheal intubation, as well as for rapid sequence induction (RSI).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Octyl acetate</span> Chemical compound

Octyl acetate, or octyl ethanoate, is an organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)7O2CCH3. It is classified as an ester that is formed from 1-octanol (octyl alcohol) and acetic acid. It is found in oranges, grapefruits, and other citrus products.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Etomidate</span> Short-acting anaesthetic and sedative drug

Etomidate is a short-acting intravenous anaesthetic agent used for the induction of general anaesthesia and sedation for short procedures such as reduction of dislocated joints, tracheal intubation, cardioversion and electroconvulsive therapy. It was developed at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1964 and was introduced as an intravenous agent in 1972 in Europe and in 1983 in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium formate</span> Chemical compound

Sodium formate, HCOONa, is the sodium salt of formic acid, HCOOH. It usually appears as a white deliquescent powder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dipotassium phosphate</span> Chemical compound

Dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4) (also dipotassium hydrogen orthophosphate; potassium phosphate dibasic) is the inorganic compound with the formula K2HPO4.(H2O)x (x = 0, 3, 6). Together with monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4.(H2O)x), it is often used as a fertilizer, food additive, and buffering agent. It is a white or colorless solid that is soluble in water.

Calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) is a deicer and can be used as an alternative to road salt. It is approximately as corrosive as normal tap water, and in varying concentrations can be effective in stopping road ice from forming down to around −27.5 °C (−17.5 °F) (its eutectic temperature). CMA can also be used as an H2S capture agent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium diacetate</span> Chemical compound

Sodium diacetate is a compound with formula NaH(C
2H
3O
2)
2. It is a salt of acetic acid. It is a colorless solid that is used in seasonings and as an antimicrobial agent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acetic acid</span> Colorless and faint organic acid found in vinegar

Acetic acid, systematically named ethanoic acid, is an acidic, colourless liquid and organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH. Vinegar is at least 4% acetic acid by volume, making acetic acid the main component of vinegar apart from water. It has been used, as a component of vinegar, throughout history from at least the third century BC. Acetic acid is also known as acetyl hydroxide (AcOH).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Execution of John Grant</span> 2021 execution by the state of Oklahoma

The execution of John Grant took place in the U.S. state of Oklahoma by means of lethal injection. Grant was sentenced to death for the 1998 murder of prison cafeteria worker Gay Carter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mark Asay</span> Executed American spree killer (1964–2017)

Mark James Asay was an American spree killer who was executed by the state of Florida for the 1987 racially motivated murders of two men in Jacksonville, Florida. He was convicted, sentenced to death, and subsequently executed in 2017 at Florida State Prison by lethal injection. Asay's execution generated attention as it was noted by multiple news agencies that he was the first white person to be executed in Florida for killing a black person. He was also the first person to be executed in the United States using the drug etomidate.

<i>Glossip v. Chandler</i> United States federal court case

Glossip v. Chandler is a United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma case in which the plaintiffs challenged the State of Oklahoma's execution protocol. The initial lawsuit, Glossip v. Gross, rose to the United States Supreme Court in 2015 at the preliminary injunction stage and involved an earlier version of Oklahoma's lethal injection protocol. The case was reopened in the District Court in 2020 following an end to Oklahoma's moratorium on executions.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Potassium acetate".
  2. 1 2 Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1952). Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds. Van Nostrand.
  3. 1 2 Acetic acid, potassium salt in Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.); NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD) (retrieved 2014-05-18)
  4. ↑ https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/127-08-2 [ dead link ]
  5. ↑ Gruber, Michael R.; Hofko, Bernhard; Hoffmann, Markus; Stinglmayr, David; Seifried, Teresa M.; Grothe, Hinrich (April 2023). "Deicing performance of common deicing agents for winter maintenance with and without corrosion-inhibiting substances". Cold Regions Science and Technology. 208: 103795. doi: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2023.103795 .
  6. ↑ Harrington-Hughes, Kathryn (1992). Handbook of test methods for evaluating chemical deicers. Transportation Research Board. ISBN   9789994805839.
  7. ↑ UK Food Standards Agency: "Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers" . Retrieved 2011-10-27.
  8. ↑ US Food and Drug Administration: "Listing of Food Additives Status Part II". Food and Drug Administration . Retrieved 2011-10-27.
  9. ↑ Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code "Standard 1.2.4 - Labelling of ingredients". 8 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
  10. ↑ Dale Ulmer (1994). "Fixation. The Key to Good Tissue Preservation" (PDF). Journal of the International Society for Plastination. 8 (1): 7–10. doi:10.56507/OEVY7072. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-16. Retrieved 2017-09-08.
  11. ↑ Andrew Nagorski (2007). The Greatest Battle. Simon and Schuster. p. 53.
  12. ↑ "Oklahoma used wrong drug in Charles Warner's execution, autopsy report says".
  13. ↑ Eyder Peralta. "Oklahoma Used The Wrong Drug To Execute Charles Warner". NPR.
  14. ↑ Jason Dearon. "Florida executes convicted killer Mark Asay using new drug". Sun Sentinel.
  15. ↑ Kathryn Varn. "Convicted murderer Donald Dillbeck has been executed. Here's the latest". Tallahassee Democrat.
  16. ↑ Hosea Cheung, Robin S. Tanke, G. Paul Torrence "Acetic Acid" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi : 10.1002/14356007.a01_045.
  17. ↑ Crosland, Maurice P. (2004-01-01). Historical Studies in the Language of Chemistry. Courier Corporation. ISBN   978-0-486-43802-3.
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