Trisodium phosphate

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Contents

Trisodium phosphate [1]
Trisodium phosphate.png
Trisodium phosphate 3D.jpg
  Sodium, Na
  Phosphorus, P
  Oxygen, O
Trisodium phosphate hydrate.jpg
Trisodium phosphate hydrate
Names
IUPAC name
Trisodium phosphate
Other names
  • Sodium phosphate
  • Sodium phosphate tribasic
  • Trisodium orthophosphate
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.028.645 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 231-509-8
E number E339(iii) (antioxidants, ...)
KEGG
PubChem CID
RTECS number
UNII
  • InChI=1S/3Na.H3O4P/c;;;1-5(2,3)4/h;;;(H3,1,2,3,4)/q3*+1;/p-3 Yes check.svgY
    Key: RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/3Na.H3O4P/c;;;1-5(2,3)4/h;;;(H3,1,2,3,4)/q3*+1;/p-3
    Key: RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-DFZHHIFOAM
  • [O-]P(=O)([O-])[O-].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+]
Properties
Na3PO4
Molar mass 163.939 g·mol−1
AppearanceWhite, granular or crystalline solid
Density 2.536 g/cm3 (17.5 °C, anhydrous)
1.62 g/cm3 (20 °C, dodecahydrate) [2] [3] [4]
Melting point 1,583 °C (2,881 °F; 1,856 K) (anhydrous) [3]
73.4 °C (164.1 °F; 346.5 K) (dodecahydrate) [4]
Boiling point 100 °C (212 °F; 373 K) (dodecahydrate) decomposes [4]
  • anhydrous: [3]
  • 5.4 g/(100 mL) (0 °C)
  • 12 g/(100 mL) (20 °C) [5]
  • 14.5 g/(100 mL) (25 °C)
  • 23.3 g/(100 mL) (40 °C)
  • 94.6 g/(100 mL) (100 °C)
  • dodecahydrate: [4]
  • 28.3 g/(100 mL) (20 °C)
Solubility Insoluble in ethanol, carbon disulfide [4]
Basicity (pKb)2.23
Structure
Trigonal
Thermochemistry
665 J/(mol·K) (dodecahydrate) [4]
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298)
224.7 J/(mol·K) (anhydrous) [3]
660 J/(mol·K) (dodecahydrate) [4]
−1935.5 kJ/mol (anhydrous) [3]
−5480 kJ/mol (dodecahydrate) [4]
−1819 kJ/mol (anhydrous) [3]
Pharmacology
A06AD17 ( WHO ) A06AG01 ( WHO ) B05XA09 ( WHO )
Hazards [6]
GHS labelling:
GHS-pictogram-acid.svg GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg
Danger
H315, H318, H335
P261, P280, P305+P351+P338
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704.svgHealth 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calciumSpecial hazards (white): no code
2
0
1
Flash point Non-flammable
Safety data sheet (SDS) ICSC 1178
Related compounds
Other cations
Related compounds
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
X mark.svgN  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Trisodium phosphate (TSP) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Na 3 P O 4. It is a white, granular or crystalline solid, highly soluble in water, producing an alkaline solution. TSP is used as a cleaning agent, builder, lubricant, food additive, stain remover, and degreaser. [7]

The item of commerce is often partially hydrated and may range from anhydrous Na3PO4 to the dodecahydrate Na3PO4·12H2O. Most often it is found in white powder form. It can also be called trisodium orthophosphate or simply sodium phosphate.

Production

Trisodium phosphate is produced by neutralization of phosphoric acid using sodium carbonate, which produces disodium hydrogen phosphate. The disodium hydrogen phosphate is reacted with sodium hydroxide to form trisodium phosphate and water.

Na2CO3 + H3PO4 → Na2HPO4 + CO2 + H2O
Na2HPO4 + NaOH → Na3PO4 + H2O

Uses

Cleaning

Trisodium phosphate was at one time extensively used in formulations for a variety of consumer-grade soaps and detergents, and the most common use for trisodium phosphate has been in cleaning agents. The pH of a 1% solution is 12 (i.e., very basic), and the solution is sufficiently alkaline to saponify grease and oils. In combination with surfactants, TSP is an excellent agent for cleaning everything from laundry to concrete driveways. This versatility and low manufacturing price made TSP the basis for a plethora of cleaning products sold in the mid-20th century.

TSP is still sold and used as a cleaning agent, but since the late 1960s, its use has diminished in the United States and many other parts of the world because, like many phosphate-based cleaners, it is known to cause extensive eutrophication of lakes and rivers once it enters a water system. [8]

TSP is commonly used after cleaning a surface with mineral spirits to remove hydrocarbon residues and may be used with household chlorine bleach in the same solution without hazardous reactions.[ citation needed ] This mixture is particularly effective for removing mildew, but is less effective at removing mold.[ citation needed ]

Although it is still the active ingredient in some toilet bowl-cleaning tablets, TSP is generally not recommended for cleaning bathrooms because it can stain metal fixtures and can damage grout. [9]

Chlorination

With the formula 4Na3PO4· NaOCl ·44H2O the material called chlorinated trisodium phosphate is used as a disinfectant and bleach, like sodium hypochlorite. It is prepared using NaOCl in place of some of the base to neutralize phosphoric acid. [7]

Flux

In the U.S., trisodium phosphate is an approved flux for use in hard soldering joints in medical-grade copper plumbing. The flux is applied as a concentrated water solution and dissolves copper oxides at the temperature used in copper brazing. Residues are water-soluble and can be rinsed out before plumbing is put into service.

TSP is used as an ingredient in fluxes designed to deoxygenate nonferrous metals for casting. It can be used in ceramic production to lower the flow point of glazes.

Painting enhancement

TSP is still in common use for the cleaning, degreasing, and deglossing of walls prior to painting. TSP breaks the gloss of oil-based paints and opens the pores of latex-based paint, providing a surface better suited for the adhesion of the subsequent layer. [10] [ unreliable source? ]

Food additive

Sodium phosphates including monosodium phosphate, disodium phosphate, and trisodium phosphate are approved as food additives in the EU. They are commonly used as acidity regulators and have the collective E number E339. [11] The United States Food and Drug Administration lists sodium phosphates as generally recognized as safe. [12] [13]

Exercise performance enhancement

Trisodium phosphate has gained a following as a nutritional supplement that can improve certain parameters of exercise performance. [14] The basis of this belief is the fact that phosphate is required for the energy-producing Krebs cycle central to aerobic metabolism. Phosphates are available from a number of other sources that are much milder than TSP. While TSP is not toxic per se, it is severely irritating to gastric mucosa unless used as part of a buffered solution.

Regulation

In the Western world, phosphate usage has declined owing to ecological problems with the damage to lakes and rivers through eutrophication.

Substitutes

By the end of the 20th century, many products that formerly contained TSP were manufactured with TSP substitutes, which consist mainly of sodium carbonate along with various admixtures of nonionic surfactants and a limited percentage of sodium phosphates.

Products sold as TSP substitutes, containing soda ash and zeolites, are promoted as direct substitutes. However, sodium carbonate is not as strongly basic as trisodium phosphate, making it less effective in demanding applications.[ citation needed ] Zeolites, which are clay based, are added to laundry detergents as water softening agents and are essentially non-polluting; however, zeolites do not dissolve and can deposit a fine, powdery residue in the wash tub.[ citation needed ] Cleaning products labeled as TSP may contain other ingredients, with perhaps less than 50% trisodium phosphate. [15]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Detergent</span> Surfactants with cleansing properties

A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleansing properties when in dilute solutions. There are a large variety of detergents, a common family being the alkylbenzene sulfonates, which are soap-like compounds that are more soluble in hard water, because the polar sulfonate is less likely than the polar carboxylate to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Surfactant</span> Substance that lowers the surface tension between a liquid and another material

Surfactants are chemical compounds that decrease the surface tension or interfacial tension between two liquids, a liquid and a gas, or a liquid and a solid. The word "surfactant" is a blend of surface-active agent, coined c. 1950. As they consist of a water-repellent and a water-attracting part, they enable water and oil to mix; they can form foam and facilitate the detachment of dirt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flux (metallurgy)</span> Chemical used in metallurgy for cleaning or purifying molten metal

In metallurgy, a flux is a chemical cleaning agent, flowing agent, or purifying agent. Fluxes may have more than one function at a time. They are used in both extractive metallurgy and metal joining.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium hexametaphosphate</span> Chemical compound

Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) is a salt of composition Na6[(PO3)6]. Sodium hexametaphosphate of commerce is typically a mixture of metaphosphates (empirical formula: NaPO3), of which the hexamer is one, and is usually the compound referred to by this name. Such a mixture is more correctly termed sodium polymetaphosphate. They are white solids that dissolve in water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trisodium citrate</span> Chemical compound

Trisodium citrate has the chemical formula of Na3C6H5O7. It is sometimes referred to simply as "sodium citrate", though sodium citrate can refer to any of the three sodium salts of citric acid. It possesses a saline, mildly tart flavor, and is a mild alkali.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium triphosphate</span> Chemical compound

Sodium triphosphate (STP), also sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), or tripolyphosphate (TPP),) is an inorganic compound with formula Na5P3O10. It is the sodium salt of the polyphosphate penta-anion, which is the conjugate base of triphosphoric acid. It is produced on a large scale as a component of many domestic and industrial products, especially detergents. Environmental problems associated with eutrophication are attributed to its widespread use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tetrasodium pyrophosphate</span> Chemical compound

Tetrasodium pyrophosphate, also called sodium pyrophosphate, tetrasodium phosphate or TSPP, is an inorganic compound with the formula Na4P2O7. As a salt, it is a white, water-soluble solid. It is composed of pyrophosphate anion and sodium ions. Toxicity is approximately twice that of table salt when ingested orally. Also known is the decahydrate Na4P2O7 · 10(H2O).

An anticaking agent is an additive placed in powdered or granulated materials, such as table salt or confectioneries, to prevent the formation of lumps (caking) and for easing packaging, transport, flowability, and consumption. Caking mechanisms depend on the nature of the material. Crystalline solids often cake by formation of liquid bridge and subsequent fusion of microcrystals. Amorphous materials can cake by glass transitions and changes in viscosity. Polymorphic phase transitions can also induce caking.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laundry detergent</span> Type of detergent used for cleaning laundry

Laundry detergent is a type of detergent used for cleaning dirty laundry (clothes). Laundry detergent is manufactured in powder and liquid form.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dishwashing liquid</span> Detergent used for cleaning dishes

Dishwashing liquid, also known as dishwashing soap, dish detergent, and dish soap is a detergent used to assist in dishwashing. It is usually a highly-foaming mixture of surfactants with low skin irritation, and is primarily used for hand washing of glasses, plates, cutlery, and cooking utensils in a sink or bowl. In addition to its primary use, dishwashing liquid also has various informal applications, such as for creating bubbles, clothes washing and cleaning oil-affected birds.

Sugar soap, as typically found in Commonwealth countries, is a cleaning material of variable composition sold for use on surfaces affected by greasy or tarry deposits which are not easily removed with routine domestic cleaning materials. Its name arises from the fact that, when in dry powder form, it resembles table sugar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Disodium pyrophosphate</span> Chemical compound

Disodium pyrophosphate or sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Na2H2P2O7. It consists of sodium cations (Na+) and dihydrogen pyrophosphate anions (H2P2O2−7). It is a white, water-soluble solid that serves as a buffering and chelating agent, with many applications in the food industry. When crystallized from water, it forms a hexahydrate, but it dehydrates above room temperature. Pyrophosphate is a polyvalent anion with a high affinity for polyvalent cations, e.g. Ca2+.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Disodium phosphate</span> Chemical compound

Disodium phosphate (DSP), or disodium hydrogen phosphate, or sodium phosphate dibasic, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Na2HPO4. It is one of several sodium phosphates. The salt is known in anhydrous form as well as hydrates Na2HPO4·nH2O, where n is 2, 7, 8, and 12. All are water-soluble white powders. The anhydrous salt is hygroscopic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monosodium phosphate</span> Chemical compound

Monosodium phosphate (MSP), also known as monobasic sodium phosphate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaH2PO4. It is a sodium salt of phosphoric acid. It consists of sodium cations (Na+) and dihydrogen phosphate anions (H2PO−4). One of many sodium phosphates, it is a common industrial chemical. The salt exists in an anhydrous form, as well as monohydrate and dihydrate (NaH2PO4·H2O and NaH2PO4·2H2O respectively).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium sesquicarbonate</span> Chemical compound

Sodium sesquicarbonate (systematic name: trisodium hydrogendicarbonate) Na3H(CO3)2 is a double salt of sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate (NaHCO3 · Na2CO3), and has a needle-like crystal structure. However, the term is also applied to an equimolar mixture of those two salts, with whatever water of hydration the sodium carbonate includes, supplied as a powder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cleaning agent</span> Substance used to remove dirt or other contaminants

Cleaning agents or hard-surface cleaners are substances used to remove dirt, including dust, stains, foul odors, and clutter on surfaces. Purposes of cleaning agents include health, beauty, removing offensive odor, and avoiding the spread of dirt and contaminants to oneself and others. Some cleaning agents can kill bacteria and clean at the same time. Others, called degreasers, contain organic solvents to help dissolve oils and fats.

A soap substitute is a natural or synthetic cleaning product used in place of soap or other detergents, typically to reduce environmental impact or health harms or provide other benefits.

Environmental impacts of cleaning products entail the consequences that come as a result of chemical compounds in cleaning products. These cleaning products can contain chemicals that have detrimental impacts on the environment or on people.

Wastewater comes out of the laundry process with additional energy (heat), lint, soil, dyes, finishing agents, and other chemicals from detergents. Some laundry wastewater goes directly into the environment, due to the flaws of water infrastructure. The majority goes to sewage treatment plants before flowing into the environment. Some chemicals remain in the water after treatment, which may contaminate the water system. Some have argued they can be toxic to wildlife, or can lead to eutrophication.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dishwasher detergent</span> Type of detergent specifically used to wash dishes in a dishwasher

Dishwasher detergent is a detergent made for washing dishes in a dishwasher. Dishwasher detergent is different from dishwashing liquid made to wash dishes by hand.

References

  1. ↑ Merck Index , 12th Edition, 8808.
  2. ↑ Eagleson, Mary, ed. (1994). Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry . Walter de Gruyter. p. 1000. ISBN   978-3-11-011451-5 . Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Sodium phosphate".
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Sodium phosphate dodecahydrate".
  5. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ↑ Sigma-Aldrich Co., Sodium phosphate. Retrieved on 2014-05-25.
  7. 1 2 Klaus Schrödter, Gerhard Bettermann, Thomas Staffel, Friedrich Wahl, Thomas Klein, Thomas Hofmann "Phosphoric Acid and Phosphates" in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2008, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi : 10.1002/14356007.a19_465.pub3
  8. ↑ Dishes Still Dirty? Blame Phosphate-Free Detergent, National Public Radio, 15 December 2010
  9. ↑ "TSP ... Cleaning for the Big Dogs". Home Repair and Do It Yourself Tips and Articles from the Natural Handyman. Natural Handyman.
  10. ↑ Alonzy, Jerry. "Painting Preparation Q&A".
  11. ↑ Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers, Food Standards Agency, 26 November 2010
  12. ↑ 21CFR182.1778, Code of Federal Regulations
  13. ↑ 21CFR182.1778, Electronic Code of Federal Regulations
  14. ↑ Folland JP, et al. (2008). "Sodium phosphate loading improves laboratory cycling time-trial performance in trained cyclists". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 11 (5): 464–468. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2007.04.004. PMID   17569583.
  15. ↑ MSDS Archived 26 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine for Dap TSP cleaner
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