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In chemistry, a phosphide is a compound containing the P3− ion or its equivalent. Many different phosphides are known, with widely differing structures. Most commonly encountered on the binary phosphides, i.e. those materials consisting only of phosphorus and a less electronegative element. Numerous are polyphosphides, which are solids consisting of anionic chains or clusters of phosphorus. Phosphides are known with the majority of less electronegative elements with the exception of Hg, Pb, Sb, Bi, Te, and Po. Finally, some phosphides are molecular.
Tricalcium phosphate (sometimes abbreviated TCP), more commonly known as Calcium phosphate, is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid with the chemical formula Ca3(PO4)2. It is also known as tribasic calcium phosphate and bone phosphate of lime (BPL). It is a white solid of low solubility. Most commercial samples of "tricalcium phosphate" are in fact hydroxyapatite.
Iron(III) phosphate, also ferric phosphate, is the inorganic compound with the formula FePO4. Four polymorphs of anhydrous FePO4 are known. Additionally two polymorphs of the dihydrate FePO4·(H2O)2 are known. These materials have attracted much interest as potential cathode materials in batteries.
In chemistry, hypomanganate, also called manganate(V) or tetraoxidomanganate(3−), is a trivalent anion (negative ion) composed of manganese and oxygen, with formula MnO3−
4.
The lithium iron phosphate battery or LFP battery is a type of lithium-ion battery using lithium iron phosphate as the cathode material, and a graphitic carbon electrode with a metallic backing as the anode. Because of their low cost, high safety, low toxicity, long cycle life and other factors, LFP batteries are finding a number of roles in vehicle use, utility-scale stationary applications, and backup power. LFP batteries are cobalt-free. As of September 2022, LFP type battery market share for EVs reached 31%, and of that, 68% were from EV makers Tesla and BYD alone. Chinese manufacturers currently hold a near monopoly of LFP battery type production. With patents having started to expire in 2022 and the increased demand for cheaper EV batteries, LFP type production is expected to rise further and surpass lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (NMC) type batteries in 2028.
Lithium iron phosphate or lithium ferro-phosphate (LFP) is an inorganic compound with the formula LiFePO
4. It is a gray, red-grey, brown or black solid that is insoluble in water. The material has attracted attention as a component of lithium iron phosphate batteries, a type of Li-ion battery. This battery chemistry is targeted for use in power tools, electric vehicles, solar energy installations and more recently large grid-scale energy storage.
Copper(II) phosphate are inorganic compounds with the formula Cu3(PO4)2. They can be regarded as the cupric salts of phosphoric acid. Anhydrous copper(II) phosphate and a trihydrate are blue solids.
In chemistry, molybdenum bronze is a generic name for certain mixed oxides of molybdenum with the generic formula A
xMo
yO
z where A may be hydrogen, an alkali metal cation (such as Li+, Na+, K+), and Tl+. These compounds form deeply coloured plate-like crystals with a metallic sheen, hence their name. These bronzes derive their metallic character from partially occupied 4d bands. The oxidation states in K0.28MoO3 are K+1, O2−, and Mo+5.72. MoO3 is an insulator, with an unfilled 4d band.
Langbeinites are a family of crystalline substances based on the structure of langbeinite with general formula M2M'2(SO4)3, where M is a large univalent cation, and M' is a small divalent cation. The sulfate group, SO2−4, can be substituted by other tetrahedral anions with a double negative charge such as tetrafluoroberyllate, selenate, chromate, molybdate, or tungstates. Although monofluorophosphates are predicted, they have not been described. By redistributing charges other anions with the same shape such as phosphate also form langbeinite structures. In these the M' atom must have a greater charge to balance the extra three negative charges.
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NASICON is an acronym for sodium (Na) super ionic conductor, which usually refers to a family of solids with the chemical formula Na1+xZr2SixP3−xO12, 0 < x < 3. In a broader sense, it is also used for similar compounds where Na, Zr and/or Si are replaced by isovalent elements. NASICON compounds have high ionic conductivities, on the order of 10−3 S/cm, which rival those of liquid electrolytes. They are caused by hopping of Na ions among interstitial sites of the NASICON crystal lattice.
Iron(III) pyrophosphate is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula Fe4(P2O7)3.
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The Nickel oxyacid salts are a class of chemical compounds of nickel with an oxyacid. The compounds include a number of minerals and industrially important nickel compounds.
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Antimony phosphate, is a chemical compound of antimony and phosphate with formula SbPO4. Antimony is in the form Sb(III) with +3 oxidation state. Antimony atoms have a lone pair of electrons.
Lithium aluminium germanium phosphate, typically known with the acronyms LAGP or LAGPO, is an inorganic ceramic solid material whose general formula is Li
1+xAl
xGe
2-x(PO
4)
3. LAGP belongs to the NASICON family of solid conductors and has been applied as a solid electrolyte in all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries. Typical values of ionic conductivity in LAGP at room temperature are in the range of 10–5 - 10–4 S/cm, even if the actual value of conductivity is strongly affected by stoichiometry, microstructure, and synthesis conditions. Compared to lithium aluminium titanium phosphate (LATP), which is another phosphate-based lithium solid conductor, the absence of titanium in LAGP improves its stability towards lithium metal. In addition, phosphate-based solid electrolytes have superior stability against moisture and oxygen compared to sulfide-based electrolytes like Li
10GeP
2S
12 (LGPS) and can be handled safely in air, thus simplifying the manufacture process. Since the best performances are encountered when the stoichiometric value of x is 0.5, the acronym LAGP usually indicates the particular composition of Li
1.5Al
0.5Ge
1.5(PO
4)
3, which is also the typically used material in battery applications.
The oxalate phosphates are chemical compounds containing oxalate and phosphate anions. They are also called oxalatophosphates or phosphate oxalates. Some oxalate-phosphate minerals found in bat guano deposits are known. Oxalate phosphates can form metal organic framework compounds.
The phosphate sulfates are mixed anion compounds containing both phosphate and sulfate ions. Related compounds include the arsenate sulfates, phosphate selenates, and arsenate selenates.
Hexagonal ferrites or hexaferrites are a family of ferrites with hexagonal crystal structure. The most common member is BaFe12O19, also called barium ferrite, BaM, etc. BaM is a strong room-temperature ferrimagnetic material with high anisotropy along the c axis. All the hexaferrite members are constructed by stacking a few building blocks in a certain order.
References
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- ↑ Guo, Yan-Ling; Sun, Hai-Yan; Zeng, Xi; Lv, Tian-Tian; Yao, Yue-Xin; Zhuang, Ting-Hui; Feng, Mei-Ling; Huang, Xiao-Ying (March 2023). "Efficient removal of Sr2+ ions by a one-dimensional potassium phosphatoantimonate". Chemical Engineering Journal. 460: 141697. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.141697.
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- ↑ Piffard, Y.; Lachgar, A.; Tournoux, M. (June 1985). "Crystal structure of KSb2PO8". Materials Research Bulletin. 20 (6): 715–721. doi:10.1016/0025-5408(85)90150-3.
- ↑ Ravi, G.; Sudhakar Reddy, Ch.; Sreenu, K.; Guje, Ravinder; Velchuri, Radha; Vithal, M. (April 2016). "Degradation of Methylene Blue and Rhodamine B Using a New Visible Light-Responsive Photocatalyst, KSb2PO8−x N y". Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters). 29 (4): 335–343. doi:10.1007/s40195-016-0401-6. ISSN 1006-7191.
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- ↑ Lachgar, A.; Deniard-Courant, S.; Piffard, Y. (July 1986). "Preparation and crystal structure of K2SbPO6". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 63 (3): 409–413. doi:10.1016/0022-4596(86)90198-2.
- ↑ An, Yonglin; Feng, Shouhua; Xu, Yihua; Xu, Ruren; Yue, Yong (November 1994). "Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of a new potassium phosphatoantimonate". Journal of Materials Research. 9 (11): 2745–2746. Bibcode:1994JMatR...9.2745A. doi:10.1557/JMR.1994.2745. ISSN 0884-2914.
- ↑ An, Yonglin; Feng, Shouhua; Xu, Yihua; Xu, Ruren; Yue, Yong (1996-01-01). "Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of a New Potassium Phosphatoantimonate, K 8 Sb 8 P 2 O 29 ·8H 2 O". Chemistry of Materials. 8 (2): 356–359. doi:10.1021/cm950182+. ISSN 0897-4756.
- ↑ Piffard, Y.; Lachgar, A.; Tournoux, M. (July 1985). "Structure cristalline du phosphatoantimonate K3Sb3P2O14". Journal of Solid State Chemistry (in French). 58 (2): 253–256. doi:10.1016/0022-4596(85)90242-7.
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- ↑ An, Yonglin; Feng, Shouhua; Xu, Yihua; Xu, Ruren; Yue, Yong (1995). "Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of K 3 Sb 3 A 2 O 14 ·5H 2 O (A P,As)". J. Mater. Chem. 5 (5): 773–776. doi:10.1039/JM9950500773. ISSN 0959-9428.
- ↑ Piffard, Y.; Lachgar, A.; Tournoux, M. (October 1986). "A potassium phosphatoantimonate with a three dimensional framework : K5Sb5P2O20". Materials Research Bulletin. 21 (10): 1231–1238. doi:10.1016/0025-5408(86)90052-8.
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- 1 2 "Structure and spectroscopic characterization of the two PbSb0.5Fe1.5(PO4)3 and Pb0.5SbFe(PO4)3 phosphates with Nasicon type-structure". J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 6 (12): 3483–3490. 2015.
- ↑ Aatiq, Abderrahim; Tigha, My Rachid (March 2014). "Structure of a new Ca II 1/3 Sb V 1/6 Bi III 1/2 PO 4 phosphate". Powder Diffraction. 29 (1): 14–19. Bibcode:2014PDiff..29...14A. doi:10.1017/S0885715613000717. ISSN 0885-7156.