Aluminium phosphate

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Aluminium phosphate
Fosforecnan hlinity.PNG
Aluminium-3D-vdW.png
Phosphate-3D-vdW.png
Names
Other names
Aluminum phosphate
Aluminium monophosphate
Phosphoric acid, aluminium salt (1:1)
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
DrugBank
ECHA InfoCard 100.029.142 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 232-056-9
PubChem CID
RTECS number
  • TB6450000
UNII
UN number 1760
  • InChI=1S/Al.H3O4P/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H3,1,2,3,4)/q+3;/p-3 Yes check.svgY
    Key: ILRRQNADMUWWFW-UHFFFAOYSA-K Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/Al.H3O4P/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H3,1,2,3,4)/q+3;/p-3/rAlO4P/c2-6-3-1(4-6)5-6
    Key: ILRRQNADMUWWFW-ITXURHEJAW
  • InChI=1/Al.H3O4P/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H3,1,2,3,4)/q+3;/p-3
    Key: ILRRQNADMUWWFW-DFZHHIFOAZ
  • O=P12O[Al](O1)O2
  • [Al+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O
Properties
AlPO4
Molar mass 121.9529 g/mol
AppearanceWhite, crystalline powder
Density 2.566 g/cm3, solid
Melting point 1,800 °C (3,270 °F; 2,070 K)
Boiling point Decomposes
1.89×10−9 g/100 ml [1]
9.84×10−21 [1]
Solubility Very slightly soluble in HCl and HNO3
1.546 [2]
Pharmacology
A02AB03 ( WHO )
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS-pictogram-acid.svg GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg
Warning
H314, H315, H319, H332, H335
P260, P261, P264, P271, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P363, P403+P233, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704.svgHealth 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
2
0
0
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
4640 mg/kg (rat, oral)
> 4640 mg/kg (rabbit, dermal)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Yes check.svgY  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Aluminium phosphate is a chemical compound. In nature it occurs as the mineral berlinite. [3] Many synthetic forms of aluminium phosphate are known. They have framework structures similar to zeolites and some are used as catalysts, ion-exchangers or molecular sieves. [4] Commercial aluminium phosphate gel is available.

Contents

Berlinite

AlPO4 is isoelectronic with Si2O4, silicon dioxide. Berlinite looks like quartz and has a structure that is similar to quartz with silicon replaced by Al and P. The AlO4 and PO4 tetrahedra alternate. Like quartz, AlPO4 exhibits chirality [5] and piezoelectric properties. [6] When heated, crystalline AlPO4 (berlinite) converts to tridymite and cristobalite forms, and this mirrors the behaviour of silicon dioxide. [7]

Uses

Molecular sieves

There are many types of aluminium phosphate molecular sieves, generically known as "ALPOs". The first ones were reported in 1982. [8] They all share the same chemical composition of AlPO4 and have framework structures with microporous cavities. The frameworks are made up of alternating AlO4 and PO4 tetrahedra. The denser cavity-less crystalline berlinite, shares the same alternating AlO4 and PO4 tetrahedra. [7] The aluminophosphate framework structures vary one from another in the orientation of the AlO4 tetrahedra and PO4 tetrahedra to form different-sized cavities, and in this respect they are similar to the aluminosilicate zeolites, which differ in having electrically charged frameworks. A typical preparation of an aluminophosphate involves the hydrothermal reaction of phosphoric acid and aluminium in the form of hydroxide, an aluminium salt such as aluminium nitrate salt or alkoxide under controlled pH in the presence of organic amines. [9] These organic molecules act as templates (now termed structure directing agents, SDAs) to direct the growth of the porous framework. [10]

Other

Along with aluminium hydroxide, aluminium phosphate is one of the most common immunologic adjuvants (efficiency enhancers) in vaccinations. Aluminium adjuvant use is widespread due to its cheap price, long history of use, safety and efficiency with most antigens.

Similar to aluminium hydroxide, AlPO4 is used as an antacid. Up to 20% of aluminium from ingested antacid salts can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract – despite some unverified concerns about the neurological effects of aluminium, [11] aluminium phosphate and hydroxide salts are thought to be safe as antacids in normal use, even during pregnancy and breastfeeding. [12] [11]

Additional uses for AlPO4 in combination with or without other compounds are white colorants for pigments, corrosion inhibitors, cements and dental cements. Related compounds have also similar uses. For example, Al(H2PO4)3 is used in dental cements, metal coatings, glaze compositions and refractory binders; and Al(H2PO4)(HPO4) is used cement and refractory binders and adhesives. [13]

AlPO4·2H2O dihydrate is found as the minerals variscite and meta-variscite. [14] Aluminium phosphate dihydrate (variscite and meta-variscite) has a structure that can be regarded as an assembly of tetra- and octahedral units of phosphate anions, aluminium cations and water. Al3+ ions are 6-coordinate and PO43- ions are 4-coordinate. [3]

A synthetic hydrated form, AlPO4·1.5H2O is also known. [15]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mineral</span> Crystalline chemical element or compound formed by geologic processes

In geology and mineralogy, a mineral or mineral species is, broadly speaking, a solid substance with a fairly well-defined chemical composition and a specific crystal structure that occurs naturally in pure form.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silicon dioxide</span> Oxide of silicon

Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula SiO2, commonly found in nature as quartz. In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of sand. Silica is one of the most complex and abundant families of materials, existing as a compound of several minerals and as a synthetic product. Examples include fused quartz, fumed silica, opal, and aerogels. It is used in structural materials, microelectronics, and as components in the food and pharmaceutical industries. All forms are white or colorless, although impure samples can be colored.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zeolite</span> Microporous, aluminosilicate mineral

Zeolite is a family of several microporous, crystalline aluminosilicate materials commonly used as commercial adsorbents and catalysts. They mainly consist of silicon, aluminium, oxygen, and have the general formula Mn+
1/n(AlO
2)−
(SiO
2)
x･yH
2O where Mn+
1/n is either a metal ion or H+.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calcium sulfate</span> Chemical derived from gypsum used in food and industry

Calcium sulfate (or calcium sulphate) is the inorganic compound with the formula CaSO4 and related hydrates. In the form of γ-anhydrite (the anhydrous form), it is used as a desiccant. One particular hydrate is better known as plaster of Paris, and another occurs naturally as the mineral gypsum. It has many uses in industry. All forms are white solids that are poorly soluble in water. Calcium sulfate causes permanent hardness in water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calcium phosphate</span> Chemical compound

The term calcium phosphate refers to a family of materials and minerals containing calcium ions (Ca2+) together with inorganic phosphate anions. Some so-called calcium phosphates contain oxide and hydroxide as well. Calcium phosphates are white solids of nutritional value and are found in many living organisms, e.g., bone mineral and tooth enamel. In milk, it exists in a colloidal form in micelles bound to casein protein with magnesium, zinc, and citrate–collectively referred to as colloidal calcium phosphate (CCP). Various calcium phosphate minerals, which often are not white owing to impurities, are used in the production of phosphoric acid and fertilizers. Overuse of certain forms of calcium phosphate can lead to nutrient-containing surface runoff and subsequent adverse effects upon receiving waters such as algal blooms and eutrophication (over-enrichment with nutrients and minerals).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brazilianite</span> Yellow-green phosphate mineral

Brazilianite, whose name derives from its country of origin, Brazil, is a typically yellow-green phosphate mineral, most commonly found in phosphate-rich pegmatites.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium aluminate</span> Chemical compound

Sodium aluminate is an inorganic chemical that is used as an effective source of aluminium hydroxide for many industrial and technical applications. Pure sodium aluminate (anhydrous) is a white crystalline solid having a formula variously given as NaAlO2, NaAl(OH)4 (hydrated), Na2O·Al2O3, or Na2Al2O4. Commercial sodium aluminate is available as a solution or a solid.
Other related compounds, sometimes called sodium aluminate, prepared by reaction of Na2O and Al2O3 are Na5AlO4 which contains discrete AlO45− anions, Na7Al3O8 and Na17Al5O16 which contain complex polymeric anions, and NaAl11O17, once mistakenly believed to be β-alumina, a phase of aluminium oxide.

In chemistry, an aluminate is a compound containing an oxyanion of aluminium, such as sodium aluminate. In the naming of inorganic compounds, it is a suffix that indicates a polyatomic anion with a central aluminium atom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monocalcium phosphate</span> Chemical compound

Monocalcium phosphate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca(H2PO4)2 ("AMCP" or "CMP-A" for anhydrous monocalcium phosphate). It is commonly found as the monohydrate ("MCP" or "MCP-M"), Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O. Both salts are colourless solids. They are used mainly as superphosphate fertilizers and are also popular leavening agents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dicalcium phosphate</span> Chemical compound

Dicalcium phosphate is the calcium phosphate with the formula CaHPO4 and its dihydrate. The "di" prefix in the common name arises because the formation of the HPO42– anion involves the removal of two protons from phosphoric acid, H3PO4. It is also known as dibasic calcium phosphate or calcium monohydrogen phosphate. Dicalcium phosphate is used as a food additive, it is found in some toothpastes as a polishing agent and is a biomaterial.

Silicon compounds are compounds containing the element silicon (Si). As a carbon group element, silicon often forms compounds in the +4 oxidation state, though many unusual compounds have been discovered that differ from expectations based on its valence electrons, including the silicides and some silanes. Metal silicides, silicon halides, and similar inorganic compounds can be prepared by directly reacting elemental silicon or silicon dioxide with stable metals or with halogens. Silanes, compounds of silicon and hydrogen, are often used as strong reducing agents, and can be prepared from aluminum–silicon alloys and hydrochloric acid.

Rigid unit modes (RUMs) represent a class of lattice vibrations or phonons that exist in network materials such as quartz, cristobalite or zirconium tungstate. Network materials can be described as three-dimensional networks of polyhedral groups of atoms such as SiO4 tetrahedra or TiO6 octahedra. A RUM is a lattice vibration in which the polyhedra are able to move, by translation and/or rotation, without distorting. RUMs in crystalline materials are the counterparts of floppy modes in glasses, as introduced by Jim Phillips and Mike Thorpe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ZSM-5</span> Zeolite used as a catalyst in oil refining

ZSM-5, Zeolite Socony Mobil–5 (framework type MFI from ZSM-5 (five)), is an aluminosilicate zeolite belonging to the pentasil family of zeolites. Its chemical formula is NanAlnSi96–nO192·16H2O (0<n<27). Patented by Mobil Oil Company in 1975, it is widely used in the petroleum industry as a heterogeneous catalyst for hydrocarbon isomerization reactions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Germanate</span> Chemical compound

In chemistry, germanate is a compound containing an oxyanion of germanium. In the naming of inorganic compounds it is a suffix that indicates a polyatomic anion with a central germanium atom, for example potassium hexafluorogermanate, K2GeF6.

The pozzolanic activity is a measure for the degree of reaction over time or the reaction rate between a pozzolan and Ca2+ or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) in the presence of water. The rate of the pozzolanic reaction is dependent on the intrinsic characteristics of the pozzolan such as the specific surface area, the chemical composition and the active phase content.

Boron phosphate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula BPO4. The simplest way of producing it is the reaction of phosphoric acid and boric acid. It is a white infusible solid that evaporates above 1450 °C.

Aluminium arsenate is an inorganic compound with the formula AlAsO4. It is most commonly found as an octahydrate. It is a colourless solid that is produced by the reaction between sodium arsenate and a soluble aluminium salt. Aluminium arsenate occurs naturally as the mineral mansfieldite. Anhydrous form is known as an extremely rare, fumarolic mineral alarsite A synthetic hydrate of aluminium arsenate is produced by hydrothermal method. with the formulation Al2O3·3As2O5·10H2O.

Tetracalcium phosphate is the compound Ca4(PO4)2O, (4CaO·P2O5). It is the most basic of the calcium phosphates, and has a Ca/P ratio of 2, making it the most phosphorus poor phosphate. It is found as the mineral hilgenstockite, which is formed in industrial phosphate rich slag (called "Thomas slag"). This slag was used as a fertiliser due to the higher solubility of tetracalcium phosphate relative to apatite minerals. Tetracalcium phosphate is a component in some calcium phosphate cements that have medical applications.

The phosphate sulfates are mixed anion compounds containing both phosphate and sulfate ions. Related compounds include the arsenate sulfates, phosphate selenates, and arsenate selenates.

Actinium compounds are compounds containing the element actinium (Ac). Due to actinium's intense radioactivity, only a limited number of actinium compounds are known. These include: AcF3, AcCl3, AcBr3, AcOF, AcOCl, AcOBr, Ac2S3, Ac2O3, AcPO4 and Ac(NO3)3. Except for AcPO4, they are all similar to the corresponding lanthanum compounds. They all contain actinium in the oxidation state +3. In particular, the lattice constants of the analogous lanthanum and actinium compounds differ by only a few percent.

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 John Rumble (June 18, 2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99 ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4–47. ISBN   978-1138561632.
  2. ↑ Pradyot Patnaik. Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill, 2002, ISBN   0-07-049439-8
  3. 1 2 Corbridge, p. 207-208
  4. ↑ Corbridge, p. 310
  5. ↑ Tanaka, Y; et al. (2010). "Determination of structural chirality of berlinite and quartz using resonant x-ray diffraction with circularly polarized x-rays". Physical Review B. 81 (14): 144104. Bibcode:2010PhRvB..81n4104T. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.144104 . ISSN   1098-0121.
  6. ↑ Crystal growth of an α-quartz like piezoelectric material, berlinite, Motchany A. I., Chvanski P. P., Annales de Chimie Science des Materiaux properties, 2001, 26, 199
  7. 1 2 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 527. ISBN   978-0-08-037941-8.
  8. ↑ Wilson, ST; et al. (1982). "Aluminophosphate molecular sieves: a new class of microporous crystalline inorganic solids". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 104 (4): 1146–1147. doi:10.1021/ja00368a062. ISSN   0002-7863.
  9. ↑ Kulprathipanja, S, ed. (2010-02-17). Zeolites in Industrial Separation and Catalysis. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9783527629565. ISBN   9783527325054.
  10. ↑ Xu, R; et al. (2007). Chemistry of zeolites and related porous materials: synthesis and structure. John Wiley & Sons. p. 39. ISBN   9780470822333.
  11. 1 2 Schaefer, Christof; Peters, Paul W. J.; Miller, Richard K. (2015). Drugs during pregnancy and lactation: treatment options and risk assessment. C Schaefer, P Peters, RK Miller (3. ed.). Elsevier Science. p. 94. ISBN   9780124080782.
  12. ↑ S, Pratiksha; TM, Jamie (2018), "Antacids", StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, PMID   30252305 , retrieved 2019-02-28
  13. ↑ Corbridge, p. 1025
  14. ↑ Roncal-Herrero, T; et al. (2009-12-02). "Precipitation of Iron and Aluminum Phosphates Directly from Aqueous Solution as a Function of Temperature from 50 to 200 °C". Crystal Growth & Design. 9 (12): 5197–5205. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.722.3917 . doi:10.1021/cg900654m. ISSN   1528-7483.
  15. ↑ Lagno, F; et al. (2005). "Synthesis of Hydrated Aluminium Phosphate, AlPO4·1.5H2O (AlPO4−H3), by Controlled Reactive Crystallization in Sulfate Media". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 44 (21): 8033–8038. doi:10.1021/ie0505559. ISSN   0888-5885.
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