Calcium silicate

Last updated
Calcium silicate
Ca2SiO4simple.svg
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Calcium silicate
Systematic IUPAC name
Dicalcium silicate
Other names
  • Belite
  • Calcium monosilicate
  • Calcium hydrosilicate
  • Calcium metasilicate
  • Calcium orthosilicate
  • Micro-cell
  • Silene
  • Silicic acid calcium salt
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.014.282 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 235-336-9
E number E552 (acidity regulators, ...)
KEGG
MeSH Calcium+silicate
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/2Ca.O4Si/c;;1-5(2,3)4/q2*+2;-4 X mark.svgN
    Key: JHLNERQLKQQLRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N X mark.svgN
  • [Ca++].[Ca++].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-]
Properties
Ca2O4Si
Molar mass 172.237 g·mol−1
AppearanceWhite crystals
Density 2.9 g/cm3 (solid) [1]
Melting point 2,130 [2]  °C (3,870 °F; 2,400 K)
0.01% (20 °C) [1]
Thermochemistry
Std molar
entropy
(S298)
84 J/(mol·K) [3]
−1630 kJ/mol [3]
Pharmacology
A02AC02 ( WHO )
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
Irritant
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704.svgHealth 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
2
0
0
Flash point Not applicable
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
TWA 15 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) [1]
REL (Recommended)
TWA 10 mg/m3 (total) TWA 5 mg/m3 (resp) [1]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
N.D. [1]
Safety data sheet (SDS) [4]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
X mark.svgN  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Calcium silicate can refer to several silicates of calcium including:

Contents

This article focuses on Ca2SiO4, also known as calcium orthosilicate. It is also referred to by the shortened trade name Cal-Sil or Calsil. All calcium silicates are white free-flowing powders. They are components of important structural materials because they are strong, cheap, and nontoxic.

Production and occurrence

Calcium silicates are produced by treating calcium oxide and silica in various ratios. Their formation is relevant to Portland cement. [5]

Calcium silicate is a byproduct of the Pidgeon process, a major route to magnesium metal. The process converts a mixture of magnesium and calcium oxides as represented by the following simplified equation: [6]

MgO·CaO +Si → 2 Mg + Ca2SiO4

The calcium oxide combines with silicon as the oxygen scavenger, yielding the very stable calcium silicate and releasing volatile (at high temperatures) magnesium metal.

Via the carbonate–silicate cycle, carbonate rocks convert into silicate rocks by metamorphism and volcanism and silicate rocks convert to carbonates by weathering and sedimentation. [7] [8]

The production of sulfuric acid from anhydrous calcium sulfate produces calcium silicates. [9] Upon being mixed with shale or marl, and roasted at 1400 °C, the sulfate liberates sulfur dioxide gas, a precursor to sulfuric acid. The resulting calcium silicate is used in cement clinker production. [10]

2 CaSO4 + 2 SiO2 + C → 2 CaSiO3 + 2 SO2 + CO2

Structure

Unit cell of
Ca2SiO4. Color code: red (O), blue (Ca), gold (Si). 963-ICSD.png
Unit cell of Ca2SiO4. Color code: red (O), blue (Ca), gold (Si).

As verified by X-ray crystallography, calcium silicate is a dense solid consisting of tetrahedral orthosilicate (SiO44-) units linked to Ca2+ via Si-O-Ca bridges. There are two calcium sites. One is seven coordinate and the other is eight coordinate. [11]

Use

As a component of cement

Calcium silicates are the major ingredients in Portland cements. [12]

Typical constituents of portland clinker plus gypsum
showing cement chemist notation (CCN)
ClinkerCCNMassMineral
Tricalcium silicate (CaO)3 · SiO2C3S25–50% alite
Dicalcium silicate (this article) (CaO)2 · SiO2C2S20–45%belite]]
Tricalcium aluminate (CaO)3 · Al2O3C3A5–12%
Tetracalcium aluminoferrite (CaO)4 · Al2O3 · Fe2O3C4AF6–12%
CaSO4 · 2 H2OCS̅H22–10% gypsum

High-temperature insulation

Calcium-silicate passive fire protection board being clad around steel structure in order to achieve a fire-resistance rating Calcium silicate cladding 2of2.jpg
Calcium-silicate passive fire protection board being clad around steel structure in order to achieve a fire-resistance rating

Calcium silicate is commonly used as a safe alternative to asbestos for high-temperature insulation materials. Industrial-grade piping and equipment insulation is often fabricated from calcium silicate. Its fabrication is a routine part of the curriculum for insulation apprentices. Calcium silicate competes in these realms against rockwool and proprietary insulation solids, such as perlite mixture and vermiculite bonded with sodium silicate. Although it is popularly considered an asbestos substitute, early uses of calcium silicate for insulation still made use of asbestos fibers.

Passive fire protection

Circuit integrity fireproofing of cable trays in Lingen/Ems, Germany using calcium-silicate board system qualified to DIN 4102. Other methods for exterior protection of electrical circuits include boards made of sodium silicate bonded and pressed vermiculite and flexible wraps made of ceramic fibre and rockwool. Promat signum tray cladding 1.jpg
Circuit integrity fireproofing of cable trays in Lingen/Ems, Germany using calcium-silicate board system qualified to DIN 4102. Other methods for exterior protection of electrical circuits include boards made of sodium silicate bonded and pressed vermiculite and flexible wraps made of ceramic fibre and rockwool.

It is used in passive fire protection and fireproofing as calcium silicate brick or in roof tiles. It is one of the most successful materials in fireproofing in Europe because of regulations and fire safety guidelines for commercial and residential building codes. Where North Americans use spray fireproofing plasters, Europeans are more likely to use cladding made of calcium silicate. [ why? ] High-performance calcium-silicate boards retain their excellent dimensional stability even in damp and humid conditions and can be installed at an early stage in the construction program, before wet trades are completed and the building is weather-tight. For sub-standard products, silicone-treated sheets are available to fabricators to mitigate potential harm from high humidity or general presence of water. Fabricators and installers of calcium silicate in passive fire protection often also install firestops.[ citation needed ]

While the best possible reaction to fire classifications are A1 (construction applications) and A1Fl (flooring applications) respectively, both of which mean "non-combustible" according to EN 13501-1: 2007, as classified by a notified laboratory in Europe, some calcium-silicate boards only come with fire classification of A2 (limited combustibility) or even lower classifications (or no classification), if they are tested at all.[ citation needed ]

Acid mine drainage remediation

Calcium silicate, also known as slag, is produced when molten iron is made from iron ore, silicon dioxide and calcium carbonate in a blast furnace. When this material is processed into a highly refined, re-purposed calcium silicate aggregate, it is used in the remediation of acid mine drainage (AMD) on active and passive mine sites. [13] Calcium silicate neutralizes active acidity in AMD systems by removing free hydrogen ions from the bulk solution, thereby increasing pH. As its silicate anion captures H+ ions (raising the pH), it forms monosilicic acid (H4SiO4), a neutral solute. Monosilicic acid remains in the bulk solution to play other important roles in correcting the adverse effects of acidic conditions. As opposed to limestone (a popular remediation material), [14] calcium silicate effectively precipitates heavy metals and does not armor over, prolonging its effectiveness in AMD systems. [13] [15]

As a product of sealants

It is used as a sealant in roads or on the shells of fresh eggs: when sodium silicate is applied as a sealant to cured concrete or egg shells, it chemically reacts with calcium hydroxide or calcium carbonate to form calcium silicate hydrate, sealing micropores with a relatively impermeable material. [16] [17]

Agriculture

Calcium silicate is often used in agriculture as a plant available source of silicon. It is "applied extensively to Everglades mucks and associated sands planted to sugarcane and rice" [18]

Other

Calcium silicate is used as an anticaking agent in food preparation, including table salt [19] and as an antacid. It is approved by the United Nations' FAO and WHO bodies as a safe food additive in a large variety of products. [20] It has the E number reference E552.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cement</span> Hydraulic binder used in the composition of mortar and concrete

A cement is a binder, a chemical substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel, produces concrete. Concrete is the most widely used material in existence and is behind only water as the planet's most-consumed resource.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mineral</span> Crystalline chemical element or compound formed by geologic processes

In geology and mineralogy, a mineral or mineral species is, broadly speaking, a solid substance with a fairly well-defined chemical composition and a specific crystal structure that occurs naturally in pure form.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silicate</span> Any polyatomic anion containing silicon and oxygen

A silicate is any member of a family of polyatomic anions consisting of silicon and oxygen, usually with the general formula [SiO(4-2x)−
4−x
]
n
, where 0 ≤ x < 2. The family includes orthosilicate SiO4−4, metasilicate SiO2−3, and pyrosilicate Si2O6−7. The name is also used for any salt of such anions, such as sodium metasilicate; or any ester containing the corresponding chemical group, such as tetramethyl orthosilicate. The name "silicate" is sometimes extended to any anions containing silicon, even if they do not fit the general formula or contain other atoms besides oxygen; such as hexafluorosilicate [SiF6]2−. Most commonly, silicates are encountered as silicate minerals.

Sodium silicate is a generic name for chemical compounds with the formula Na
2x
Si
y
O
2y+x
or (Na
2
O)
x
·(SiO
2
)
y
, such as sodium metasilicate Na
2
SiO
3
, sodium orthosilicate Na
4
SiO
4
, and sodium pyrosilicate Na
6
Si
2
O
7
. The anions are often polymeric. These compounds are generally colorless transparent solids or white powders, and soluble in water in various amounts.

Cement chemist notation (CCN) was developed to simplify the formulas cement chemists use on a daily basis. It is a shorthand way of writing the chemical formula of oxides of calcium, silicon, and various metals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calcium sulfate</span> Laboratory and industrial chemical

Calcium sulfate (or calcium sulphate) is the inorganic compound with the formula CaSO4 and related hydrates. In the form of γ-anhydrite (the anhydrous form), it is used as a desiccant. One particular hydrate is better known as plaster of Paris, and another occurs naturally as the mineral gypsum. It has many uses in industry. All forms are white solids that are poorly soluble in water. Calcium sulfate causes permanent hardness in water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wollastonite</span> Single chain calcium inosilicate (CaSiO3)

Wollastonite is a calcium inosilicate mineral (CaSiO3) that may contain small amounts of iron, magnesium, and manganese substituting for calcium. It is usually white. It forms when impure limestone or dolomite is subjected to high temperature and pressure, which sometimes occurs in the presence of silica-bearing fluids as in skarns or in contact with metamorphic rocks. Associated minerals include garnets, vesuvianite, diopside, tremolite, epidote, plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene and calcite. It is named after the English chemist and mineralogist William Hyde Wollaston (1766–1828).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silicate mineral</span> Rock-forming minerals with predominantly silicate anions

Silicate minerals are rock-forming minerals made up of silicate groups. They are the largest and most important class of minerals and make up approximately 90 percent of Earth's crust.

An anticaking agent is an additive placed in powdered or granulated materials, such as table salt or confectioneries, to prevent the formation of lumps (caking) and for easing packaging, transport, flowability, and consumption. Caking mechanisms depend on the nature of the material. Crystalline solids often cake by formation of liquid bridge and subsequent fusion of microcrystals. Amorphous materials can cake by glass transitions and changes in viscosity. Polymorphic phase transitions can also induce caking.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zirconium(IV) silicate</span> Chemical compound, a silicate of Zirconium

Zirconium silicate, also zirconium orthosilicate, ZrSiO4, is a chemical compound, a silicate of zirconium. It occurs in nature as zircon, a silicate mineral. Powdered zirconium silicate is also known as zircon flour.

In inorganic chemistry, mineral hydration is a reaction which adds water to the crystal structure of a mineral, usually creating a new mineral, commonly called a hydrate.

Alite is an impure form of tricalcium silicate, Ca3SiO5, sometimes formulated as 3CaO·SiO2, typically with 3-4% of substituent oxides. It is the major, and characteristic, phase in Portland cement. The name was given by Törnebohm in 1897 to a crystal identified in microscopic investigation of Portland cement. Hatrurite is the name of a mineral that is substituted C3S.

Belite is an industrial mineral important in Portland cement manufacture. Its main constituent is dicalcium silicate, Ca2SiO4, sometimes formulated as 2 CaO · SiO2 (C2S in cement chemist notation).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cement clinker</span> Main component of Portland cement

Cement clinker is a solid material produced in the manufacture of portland cement as an intermediary product. Clinker occurs as lumps or nodules, usually 3 millimetres (0.12 in) to 25 millimetres (0.98 in) in diameter. It is produced by sintering limestone and aluminosilicate materials such as clay during the cement kiln stage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calcium aluminoferrite</span> One of the four main mineral phases of the Portland cement clinker

Calcium aluminoferrite is a dark brown crystalline phase commonly found in cements. In the cement industry it is termed tetra-calcium aluminoferrite or ferrite. In cement chemist notation (CCN), it is abbreviated as C
4
AF
meaning 4CaO·Al
2
O
3
·Fe
2
O
3
in the oxide notation. It also exists in nature as the rare mineral brownmillerite.

An AFm phase is an "alumina, ferric oxide, monosubstituted" phase, or aluminate ferrite monosubstituted, or Al2O3, Fe2O3 mono, in cement chemist notation (CCN). AFm phases are important hydration products in the hydration of Portland cements and hydraulic cements.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alkali–silica reaction</span> Chemical reaction damaging concrete

The alkali–silica reaction (ASR), also commonly known as concrete cancer, is a deleterious internal swelling reaction that occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and the reactive amorphous silica found in many common aggregates, given sufficient moisture.

Larnite is a calcium silicate mineral with the formula Ca2SiO4. It is the calcium member of the olivine group of minerals.

The pozzolanic activity is a measure for the degree of reaction over time or the reaction rate between a pozzolan and Ca2+ or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) in the presence of water. The rate of the pozzolanic reaction is dependent on the intrinsic characteristics of the pozzolan such as the specific surface area, the chemical composition and the active phase content.

References

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  9. Whitehaven Cement Plant
  10. Anhydrite Process
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  16. Giannaros, P.; Kanellopoulos, A.; Al-Tabbaa, A. (2016). "Sealing of cracks in cement using microencapsulated sodium silicate". Smart Materials and Structures. 25 (8): 8. Bibcode:2016SMaS...25h4005G. doi: 10.1088/0964-1726/25/8/084005 .
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  19. Archived 2008-12-25 at the Wayback Machine
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