Sodium bisulfate

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Sodium bisulfate
One sodium cation and one hydrogensulfate anion Sodium bisulfate.svg
One sodium cation and one hydrogensulfate anion
Ball-and-stick model of the component ions Sodium-bisulfate-3D-balls-ionic.png
Ball-and-stick model of the component ions
Sodium Bisulfate.jpg
Names
IUPAC name
Sodium hydrogen sulfate
Other names
Sodium acid sulfate
Bisulfate of soda
(sodiooxy)sulfonic acid
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.028.787 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 231-665-7
E number E514(ii) (acidity regulators, ...)
PubChem CID
RTECS number
  • VZ1860000
UNII
UN number 2837
  • InChI=1S/Na.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+1;/p-1 Yes check.svgY
    Key: WBHQBSYUUJJSRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/Na.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+1;/p-1
    Key: WBHQBSYUUJJSRZ-REWHXWOFAO
  • [Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)O
Properties
NaHSO4
Molar mass 120.06 g/mol (anhydrous)
138.07 g/mol (monohydrate)
Appearancewhite solid
Density 2.742 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
1.8 g/cm3 (monohydrate)
Melting point 58.5 °C (137.3 °F; 331.6 K) (monohydrate)
315 °C (anhydrous)
Boiling point decomposes to Na2S2O7 (+ H2O) at315 °C (599 °F; 588 K)
28.5 g/100 mL (25 °C)
100 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility Insoluble in ammonia
Acidity (pKa)1.99
Structure
triclinic (anhydrous)
monoclinic (monohydrate)
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS-pictogram-acid.svg
Danger
H318
P280, P305+P351+P338, P310
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704.svgHealth 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calciumSpecial hazards (white): no code
2
0
1
Flash point Non-flammable
Safety data sheet (SDS) External MSDS
Related compounds
Other anions
Sodium sulfate
Other cations
Potassium bisulfate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Yes check.svgY  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Sodium bisulfate, also known as sodium hydrogen sulfate, [lower-alpha 1] is the sodium salt of the bisulfate anion, with the molecular formula NaHSO4. Sodium bisulfate is an acid salt formed by partial neutralization of sulfuric acid by an equivalent of sodium base, typically in the form of either sodium hydroxide (lye) or sodium chloride (table salt). It is a dry granular product that can be safely shipped and stored. The anhydrous form is hygroscopic. Solutions of sodium bisulfate are acidic, with a 1M solution having a pH of slightly below 1.

Contents

Production

Sodium bisulfate is produced as an intermediate in the Mannheim process, an industrial process involving the reaction of sodium chloride and sulfuric acid: [1]

NaCl + H2SO4 → HCl + NaHSO4

The process for the formation of sodium bisulfate is highly exothermic. The liquid sodium bisulfate is sprayed and cooled so that it forms a solid bead. The hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in water to produce hydrochloric acid as a useful coproduct of the reaction.

Sodium bisulfate can be generated as a byproduct of the production of many other mineral acids via the reaction of their sodium salts with an excess of sulfuric acid:

NaX + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HX ( X− = CN−, NO3−, ClO4−)

The acids HX produced have a lower boiling point than the reactants and are separated from the reaction mixture by distillation.

Chemical reactions

Hydrated sodium bisulfate dehydrates at 58 °C (136 °F) at which point it separates from the water molecule attached to it. Once cooled again, it is freshly hygroscopic. Heating sodium bisulfate to 280 °C (536 °F) produces sodium pyrosulfate, another colorless salt: [1]

2 NaHSO4 → Na2S2O7 + H2O

Uses

Sodium bisulfate is used primarily to lower pH. it also is used in metal finishing, cleaning products, [2] and to lower the pH of water for effective chlorination in swimming pools and hot tubs. [3] Sodium bisulfate is also AAFCO approved as a general-use feed additive, including use in poultry feed [4] and companion animal food. [5] It is used as a urine acidifier to reduce urinary stones in cats. [6]

It is highly toxic to certain echinoderms, but fairly harmless to most other life forms; so it is used in controlling outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish.

Sodium bisulfate was the primary active ingredient in the toilet bowl cleaners Vanish and Sani-Flush, both now discontinued. [7]

In the textiles industry, it is sometimes applied to velvet cloth made with a silk backing and a pile of cellulose-based fiber (rayon, cotton, hemp, etc.) to create "burnout velvet": the sodium bisulfate, when applied to such a fabric and heated, causes the cellulose-based fibers to become brittle and flake away, leaving burned-out areas in the finished material, usually in attractive patterns. [8]

Sodium bisulfate is the active ingredient in some granular poultry litter treatments used to control ammonia. [9] Sodium bisulfate has also been shown to significantly reduce the concentration of Campylobacter and Salmonella in chicken houses. [10]

Sodium bisulfate is sometimes used as the active ingredient in flocculant tablets, a step in soil and water quality test kits. [11]

In food

Sodium bisulfate is used as a food additive to leaven cake mixes (make them rise) [12] as well as being used in meat and poultry processing and most recently in browning prevention of fresh-cut produce. [13] Sodium bisulfate is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the FDA and has been named to the EPA Safer Choice [14] Safer Chemicals Ingredients List. The food-grade product also meets the requirements set out in the Food Chemicals Codex. It is denoted by E number E514ii in the EU and is also approved for use in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and Mexico. [15] where it is listed as additive 514. Food grade sodium bisulfate is used in a variety of food products, including beverages, dressings, sauces, and fillings. It has many synonyms including [16] bisulfate of soda, sodium acid sulfate, mono sodium hydrogen sulfate, sodium hydrogen sulfate, sodium hydrosulfate, and sulfuric acid sodium salt (1:1).

Sodium bisulfate lowers the pH without creating a sour taste, and has been used in the place of citric, malic, or phosphoric acids that are commercially available, [9] and it can also be used as an anti-browning agent. [17]

Notes

  1. ↑ The prefix "bi" in "bisulfate" comes from an outdated naming system and is based on the observation that there is two times as much sulfate (SO4) in sodium bisulfate (NaHSO4) and other bisulfates as in sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) and other sulfates.

The "bi" refers to the presence of the hydrogen.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium carbonate</span> Chemical compound

Sodium carbonate is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2CO3 and its various hydrates. All forms are white, odourless, water-soluble salts that yield alkaline solutions in water. Historically, it was extracted from the ashes of plants grown in sodium-rich soils, and because the ashes of these sodium-rich plants were noticeably different from ashes of wood, sodium carbonate became known as "soda ash". It is produced in large quantities from sodium chloride and limestone by the Solvay process, as well as by carbonating sodium hydroxide which is made using the Chlor-alkali process.

The compound hydrogen chloride has the chemical formula HCl and as such is a hydrogen halide. At room temperature, it is a colorless gas, which forms white fumes of hydrochloric acid upon contact with atmospheric water vapor. Hydrogen chloride gas and hydrochloric acid are important in technology and industry. Hydrochloric acid, the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, is also commonly given the formula HCl.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kala namak</span> Kiln-fired rock salt from South Asia

Kala namak or black salt is a kiln-fired rock salt with a sulphurous, pungent smell used in the Indian subcontinent. It is also known as "Himalayan black salt", Sulemani namak, bit noon, bire noon, bit loona, bit lobon, kala loon, sanchal, kala meeth, guma loon, or pada loon, and is manufactured from the salts mined in the regions surrounding the Himalayas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Potassium chlorate</span> Chemical compound

Potassium chlorate is a compound containing potassium, chlorine and oxygen, with the molecular formula KClO3. In its pure form, it is a white crystalline substance. After sodium chlorate, it is the second most common chlorate in industrial use. It is a strong oxidizing agent and its most important application is in safety matches. In other applications it is mostly obsolete and has been replaced by safer alternatives in recent decades. It has been used

Sulfur trioxide (alternative spelling sulphur trioxide, also known as nisso sulfan) is the chemical compound with the formula SO3. It has been described as "unquestionably the most [economically important]" sulfur oxide. It is prepared on an industrial scale as a precursor to sulfuric acid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium sulfate</span> Chemical compound with formula Na2SO4

Sodium sulfate (also known as sodium sulphate or sulfate of soda) is the inorganic compound with formula Na2SO4 as well as several related hydrates. All forms are white solids that are highly soluble in water. With an annual production of 6 million tonnes, the decahydrate is a major commodity chemical product. It is mainly used as a filler in the manufacture of powdered home laundry detergents and in the Kraft process of paper pulping for making highly alkaline sulfides.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Potassium sulfate</span> Chemical compound

Potassium sulfate (US) or potassium sulphate (UK), also called sulphate of potash (SOP), arcanite, or archaically potash of sulfur, is the inorganic compound with formula K2SO4, a white water-soluble solid. It is commonly used in fertilizers, providing both potassium and sulfur.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium thiosulfate</span> Chemical compound

Sodium thiosulfate is an inorganic compound with the formula Na2S2O3·(H2O)(x) .Typically it is available as the white or colorless pentahydrate, It is a white solid that dissolves well in water. The compound is a reducing agent and a ligand, and these properties underpin its applications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ammonium sulfate</span> Chemical compound

Ammonium sulfate (American English and international scientific usage; ammonium sulphate in British English); (NH4)2SO4, is an inorganic salt with a number of commercial uses. The most common use is as a soil fertilizer. It contains 21% nitrogen and 24% sulfur.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium chlorite</span> Chemical compound

Sodium chlorite (NaClO2) is a chemical compound used in the manufacturing of paper and as a disinfectant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sulfamic acid</span> Chemical compound

Sulfamic acid, also known as amidosulfonic acid, amidosulfuric acid, aminosulfonic acid, sulphamic acid and sulfamidic acid, is a molecular compound with the formula H3NSO3. This colourless, water-soluble compound finds many applications. Sulfamic acid melts at 205 °C before decomposing at higher temperatures to water, sulfur trioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aluminium sulfate</span> Chemical compound

Aluminium sulfate is a salt with the formula Al2(SO4)3. It is soluble in water and is mainly used as a coagulating agent (promoting particle collision by neutralizing charge) in the purification of drinking water and wastewater treatment plants, and also in paper manufacturing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Potassium bisulfate</span> Chemical compound

Potassium bisulfate (potassium bisulphate) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula KHSO4 and is the potassium acid salt of sulfuric acid. It is a white, water-soluble solid.

The Mannheim process is an industrial process for the production of hydrogen chloride and sodium sulfate from sulfuric acid and sodium chloride. The Mannheim furnace is also used to produce potassium sulfate from potassium chloride. The Mannheim process is a stage in the Leblanc process for the production of sodium carbonate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium persulfate</span> Chemical compound

Sodium persulfate is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2S2O8. It is the sodium salt of peroxydisulfuric acid, H2S2O8, an oxidizing agent. It is a white solid that dissolves in water. It is almost non-hygroscopic and has good shelf-life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peroxydisulfuric acid</span> Persulfuric acid

Peroxydisulfuric acid is an inorganic compound with a chemical formula (HO3SO)2. Also called Marshall's acid after Professor Hugh Marshall, who discovered it in 1891.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Disodium phosphate</span> Chemical compound

Disodium phosphate (DSP), or disodium hydrogen phosphate, or sodium phosphate dibasic, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Na2HPO4. It is one of several sodium phosphates. The salt is known in anhydrous form as well as hydrates Na2HPO4·nH2O, where n is 2, 7, 8, and 12. All are water-soluble white powders. The anhydrous salt is hygroscopic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ammonium bisulfate</span> Chemical compound

Ammonium bisulfate, also known as ammonium hydrogen sulfate, is a white, crystalline solid with the formula (NH4)HSO4. This salt is the product of the half-neutralization of sulfuric acid by ammonia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium bisulfite</span> Chemical compound

Sodium bisulfite (or sodium bisulphite, sodium hydrogen sulfite) is a chemical mixture with the approximate chemical formula NaHSO3. Sodium bisulfite in fact is not a real compound, but a mixture of salts that dissolve in water to give solutions composed of sodium and bisulfite ions. It appears in form of white or yellowish-white crystals with an odor of sulfur dioxide. Regardless of its ill-defined nature, sodium bisulfite is used in many different industries such as a food additive with E number E222 in the food industry, a reducing agent in the cosmetic industry, and a decomposer of residual hypochlorite used in the bleaching industry.

Rubidium hydrogen sulfate, sometimes referred to as rubidium bisulfate, is the half neutralized rubidium salt of sulfuric acid. It has the formula RbHSO4.

References

  1. 1 2 Helmold Plessen (2000). "Sodium Sulfates". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a24_355. ISBN   978-3527306732.
  2. ↑ John Toedt, Darrell Koza, Kathleen Van Cleef-Toedt Chemical Composition of Everyday Products p.147
  3. ↑ "Sodium Bisulfate in Pools".
  4. ↑ "Sodium bisulfate in Animal Feed, Agriculture". Jones-Hamilton.
  5. ↑ "Sodium bisulfate Pet Food". Jones-Hamilton.
  6. ↑ Spears, Julie K.; Grieshop, Christine M.; Fahey, G. C. (October 2003). "Evaluation of sodium bisulphate and phosphoric acid as urine acidifiers for cats". Archives of Animal Nutrition. 57 (5): 389–398. doi:10.1080/00039420310001607743. ISSN   1745-039X. PMID   14620912. S2CID   43171090.
  7. ↑ SANI-FLUSH® Powder (Discontinued), Reckitt Benckiser.
  8. ↑ Margo Singer (11 July 2007). Textile Surface Decoration: Silk and Velvet. University of Pennsylvania. p. 35. ISBN   978-0-8122-2000-1.
  9. 1 2 Talghari, Mariam; Behnamifar, Alireza; Rahimi, Shaban; Karimi Torshizi, Mohammad Amir; Beckstead, Robert; Grimes, Jesse L. (2020-10-01). "The effect of sodium bisulfate and coccidiostat on intestinal lesions and growth performance of Eimeria spp.–challenged broilers". Poultry Science. 99 (10): 4769–4775. doi:10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.060. ISSN   0032-5791. PMC   7598339 . PMID   32988511.
  10. ↑ "Campylobacter and Salmonella Populations Associated with Chickens Raised on Acidified Litter".
  11. ↑ "Floc Ex Tablet MSDS" (PDF). LaMotte. 1 June 2015.
  12. ↑ "GRAS Notice 000003: Sodium bisulfate - FDA" (PDF). FDA.
  13. ↑ "Sodium Bisulfate - USDA" (PDF). USDA.
  14. ↑ "EPA Safer Choice Chemical List". EPA. 11 December 2013.
  15. ↑ "Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code - Standard 1.2.4 - Labelling of Ingredients". www.legislation.gov.au.
  16. ↑ "Wise Eating, Made Easy". Noshly.
  17. ↑ Ali, Hussein M.; El-Gizawy, Ahmed M.; El-Bassiouny, Rawia E. I.; Saleh, Mahmoud A. (2017-05-04). "Browning inhibition mechanisms by cysteine, ascorbic acid and citric acid, and identifying PPO-catechol-cysteine reaction products". Journal of Food Science and Technology. 52 (6): 3651–3659. doi:10.1007/s13197-014-1437-0. ISSN   0022-1155. PMC   4444905 . PMID   26028748.
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