Peroxydisulfuric acid

Peroxydisulfuric acid
Names
	IUPAC names μ-peroxido-bis(hydroxidodioxidosulfur); peroxydisulfuric acid
	Other names Persulfuric acid, Peroxodisulfuric acid
Identifiers
CAS Number	13445-49-3 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:29268 ;
ChemSpider	22822 ;
PubChem CID	24413 ;
UNII	2RQ1860626 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID00894926 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/H2O8S2/c1-9(2,3)7-8-10(4,5)6/h(H,1,2,3)(H,4,5,6) Key: JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/H2O8S2/c1-9(2,3)7-8-10(4,5)6/h(H,1,2,3)(H,4,5,6)/f/h1,4H; InChI=1/H2O8S2/c1-9(2,3)7-8-10(4,5)6/h(H,1,2,3)(H,4,5,6) Key: JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYAS;
	SMILES O=S(=O)(OOS(=O)(=O)O)O;
Properties
Chemical formula	H2O8S2
Molar mass	194.13 g·mol−1
Appearance	Colourless solid
Melting point	65 °C (149 °F; 338 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water	soluble
Conjugate base	Peroxydisulfate
Related compounds
Other cations	Potassium persulfate ; Sodium persulfate ; Ammonium persulfate
Related compounds	Peroxymonosulfuric acid ; Pyrosulfuric acid
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Last updated February 05, 2025

Peroxydisulfuric acid is an inorganic compound with a chemical formula (HO₃SO)₂. It is also called Marshall's acid after Professor Hugh Marshall, who discovered it in 1891.^[1]

Structure and bonding

This oxoacid features sulfur in its +6 oxidation state and a peroxide group. Sulfur adopts the usual tetrahedral geometry.^[2]

Synthesis

The acid is prepared by the reaction of chlorosulfuric acid with hydrogen peroxide:^[3]

2 ClSO₃H + H₂O₂ → H₂S₂O₈ + 2 HCl

Another method is the electrolysis of moderately concentrated sulfuric acid (60-70%) with platinum electrodes at high current density and voltage:

H₂SO₄ + H₂O → H₃O⁺ + HSO₄⁻ (dissociation of sulfuric acid)

2 HSO₄⁻ → H₂S₂O₈ + 2 e⁻ (E₀ = +2.4V) (bisulfate oxidation)

2 H₂SO₄ → H₂S₂O₈ + H₂ (overall reaction)

3 H₂O → O₃ + 6 H⁺ (ozone produced as a side product)

Uses

Peroxydisulfuric acid is a precursor to several salts including sodium peroxydisulfate, potassium peroxydisulfate, and ammonium peroxydisulfate. These salts are used to initiate the polymerization of acrylonitrile, styrene, and related monomers. This application exploits the tendency of the peroxydisulfate anion to undergo homolysis to produce radicals. They are also used as cleaning of circuit boards.^[3]

Related Research Articles

Sulfuric acid or sulphuric acid, known in antiquity as oil of vitriol, is a mineral acid composed of the elements sulfur, oxygen, and hydrogen, with the molecular formula H₂SO₄. It is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is miscible with water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydroxylamine</span> Inorganic compound

Hydroxylamine is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NH₂OH. The compound is in a form of a white hygroscopic crystals. Hydroxylamine is almost always provided and used as an aqueous solution. It is consumed almost exclusively to produce Nylon-6. The oxidation of NH₃ to hydroxylamine is a step in biological nitrification.

Nitrous acid is a weak and monoprotic acid known only in solution, in the gas phase, and in the form of nitrite salts. It was discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who called it "phlogisticated acid of niter". Nitrous acid is used to make diazonium salts from amines. The resulting diazonium salts are reagents in azo coupling reactions to give azo dyes.

Sulfur trioxide (alternative spelling sulphur trioxide) is the chemical compound with the formula SO₃. It has been described as "unquestionably the most [economically] important sulfur oxide". It is prepared on an industrial scale as a precursor to sulfuric acid.

Hydrobromic acid is an aqueous solution of hydrogen bromide. It is a strong acid formed by dissolving the diatomic molecule hydrogen bromide (HBr) in water. "Constant boiling" hydrobromic acid is an aqueous solution that distills at 124.3 °C (255.7 °F) and contains 47.6% HBr by mass, which is 8.77 mol/L. Hydrobromic acid is one of the strongest mineral acids known.

An acidic oxide is an oxide that either produces an acidic solution upon addition to water, or acts as an acceptor of hydroxide ions effectively functioning as a Lewis acid. Acidic oxides will typically have a low pK_a and may be inorganic or organic. A commonly encountered acidic oxide, carbon dioxide produces an acidic solution when dissolved.

Sodium thiosulfate is an inorganic compound with the formula Na₂S₂O₃·(H₂O)_x. Typically it is available as the white or colorless pentahydrate, which is a white solid that dissolves well in water. The compound is a reducing agent and a ligand, and these properties underpin its applications.

In chemistry, disproportionation, sometimes called dismutation, is a redox reaction in which one compound of intermediate oxidation state converts to two compounds, one of higher and one of lower oxidation state. The reverse of disproportionation, such as when a compound in an intermediate oxidation state is formed from precursors of lower and higher oxidation states, is called comproportionation, also known as symproportionation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vanadium(V) oxide</span> Precursor to vanadium alloys and industrial catalyst

Vanadium(V) oxide (vanadia) is the inorganic compound with the formula V₂O₅. Commonly known as vanadium pentoxide, it is a dark yellow solid, although when freshly precipitated from aqueous solution, its colour is deep orange. Because of its high oxidation state, it is both an amphoteric oxide and an oxidizing agent. From the industrial perspective, it is the most important compound of vanadium, being the principal precursor to alloys of vanadium and is a widely used industrial catalyst.

Sulfamic acid, also known as amidosulfonic acid, amidosulfuric acid, aminosulfonic acid, sulphamic acid and sulfamidic acid, is a molecular compound with the formula H₃NSO₃. This colourless, water-soluble compound finds many applications. Sulfamic acid melts at 205 °C before decomposing at higher temperatures to water, sulfur trioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peroxymonosulfuric acid</span> Powerful oxidizing agent

Peroxymonosulfuric acid, also known as persulfuric acid, peroxysulfuric acid is the inorganic compound with the formula H₂SO₅. It is a white solid. It is a component of Caro's acid, which is a solution of peroxymonosulfuric acid in sulfuric acid containing small amounts of water. Peroxymonosulfuric acid is a very strong oxidant.

Selenic acid is the inorganic compound with the formula H₂SeO₄. It is an oxoacid of selenium, and its structure is more accurately described as O₂Se(OH)₂. It is a colorless compound. Although it has few uses, one of its salts, sodium selenate is used in the production of glass and animal feeds.

Telluric acid, or more accurately orthotelluric acid, is a chemical compound with the formula Te(OH)₆, often written as H₆TeO₆. It is a white crystalline solid made up of octahedral Te(OH)₆ molecules which persist in aqueous solution. In the solid state, there are two forms, rhombohedral and monoclinic, and both contain octahedral Te(OH)₆ molecules, containing one hexavalent tellurium (Te) atom in the +6 oxidation state, attached to six hydroxyl (–OH) groups, thus, it can be called tellurium(VI) hydroxide. Telluric acid is a weak acid which is dibasic, forming tellurate salts with strong bases and hydrogen tellurate salts with weaker bases or upon hydrolysis of tellurates in water. It is used as tellurium-source in the synthesis of oxidation catalysts.

A persulfate is a compound containing the anions SO²⁻
₅ or S^₂O²⁻
₈. The anion SO²⁻
₅ contains one peroxide group per sulfur center, whereas in S^₂O²⁻
₈, the peroxide group bridges the sulfur atoms. In both cases, sulfur adopts the normal tetrahedral geometry typical for the S(VI) oxidation state. These salts are strong oxidizers.

Chlorosulfuric acid (IUPAC name: sulfurochloridic acid) is the inorganic compound with the formula HSO₃Cl. It is also known as chlorosulfonic acid, being the sulfonic acid of chlorine. It is a distillable, colorless liquid which is hygroscopic and a powerful lachrymator. Commercial samples usually are pale brown or straw colored.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manganese heptoxide</span> Chemical compound

Manganese(VII) oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula Mn₂O₇. Manganese heptoxide is a volatile liquid with an oily consistency. It is a highly reactive and powerful oxidizer that reacts explosively with nearly any organic compound. It was first described in 1860. It is the acid anhydride of permanganic acid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium persulfate</span> Chemical compound

Sodium persulfate is the inorganic compound with the formula Na₂S₂O₈. It is the sodium salt of peroxydisulfuric acid, H₂S₂O₈, an oxidizing agent. It is a white solid that dissolves in water. It is almost non-hygroscopic and has good shelf-life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nitrosyl chloride</span> Chemical compound

Nitrosyl chloride is the chemical compound with the formula NOCl. It is a yellow gas that is commonly encountered as a component of aqua regia, a mixture of 3 parts concentrated hydrochloric acid and 1 part of concentrated nitric acid. It is a strong electrophile and oxidizing agent. It is sometimes called Tilden's reagent, after William A. Tilden, who was the first to produce it as a pure compound.

Barium peroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula BaO₂. This white solid is one of the most common inorganic peroxides, and it was the first peroxide compound discovered. Being an oxidizer and giving a vivid green colour upon ignition, it finds some use in fireworks; historically, it was also used as a precursor for hydrogen peroxide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peroxydisulfate</span> Ion containing sulfur and oxygen with a charge of 2-

The peroxydisulfate ion, S^₂O²⁻
₈, is an oxyanion, the anion of peroxydisulfuric acid. It is commonly referred to as persulfate, but this term also refers to the peroxomonosulfate ion, SO²⁻
₅. It is also called peroxodisulfate. Approximately 500,000 tons of salts containing this anion are produced annually. Important salts include sodium persulfate (Na₂S₂O₈), potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈), and ammonium persulfate ((NH₄)₂S₂O₈). These salts are colourless, water-soluble solids that are strong oxidants.

References

↑ Senning, Alexander (2006-10-30). Elsevier's Dictionary of Chemoetymology: The Whys and Whences of Chemical Nomenclature and Terminology. ISBN 9780080488813.
↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
1 2 Harald Jakob, Stefan Leininger, Thomas Lehmann, Sylvia Jacobi, Sven Gutewort. "Peroxo Compounds, Inorganic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_177.pub2. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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[1] Senning, Alexander (2006-10-30). Elsevier's Dictionary of Chemoetymology: The Whys and Whences of Chemical Nomenclature and Terminology. ISBN 9780080488813.

[2] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[Ullmann-3] 1 2 Harald Jakob, Stefan Leininger, Thomas Lehmann, Sylvia Jacobi, Sven Gutewort. "Peroxo Compounds, Inorganic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_177.pub2. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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