Some examples of substances recognized as GRAS include ascorbic acid (vitamin C), citric acid, and salt, which are all commonly used in food preservation and flavoring.[3] The concept of food additives being "generally recognized as safe" was first described in the Food Additives Amendment of 1958, and all additives introduced after this time had to be evaluated by new standards.[1][4] FDA does not systematically reconsider the safety of GRAS substances and last did so in the 1970s–1980s.[5]
Affirmation and notification
GRAS substances can be self-affirmed upon determination by qualified non-governmental experts, with or without FDA notification, or the FDA itself can affirm:
Self-affirmation without FDA notification. The manufacturer of this chemical or substance had performed all necessary research, including the formation of an expert panel to review safety concerns, and is prepared to use these findings to defend its product's GRAS status. FDA is not notified.
Self-affirmation with FDA notification.[6] The manufacturer has performed all the aforementioned due diligence, and submitted a GRAS notification to inform the FDA of a determination that the use of a substance is GRAS. Following evaluation, the FDA provides three possible responses: 1. FDA does not question the basis for the notifier's GRAS determination,[6] 2. the notification does not provide a sufficient basis for GRAS determination, or 3. the FDA has, at the notifier's request, ceased to evaluate the GRAS notice.
FDA affirmation.[7] Rarely, the FDA can affirm GRAS status through rulemaking on its own initiative.
For substances used in food prior to January 1, 1958, a grandfather clause allows experience based on common use in food to be used in asserting an ingredient is safe under the conditions of their intended use.[4]
The FDA can also explicitly withdraw the GRAS classification, as it did for trans fat in 2015.[8][9]
Scientific evidence required
For new proposals, the proponent of the GRAS exemption – usually a food manufacturer or ingredient supplier wishing to highlight a food ingredient in its manufactured product – has the burden of providing rigorous scientific evidence that use of the substance in an edible consumer product is safe.[2] FDA has not issued guidance to companies on how to document their GRAS determinations.[5]
Scientific procedures for GRAS exemptions require the same quantity and quality of scientific evidence needed to obtain approval of the substance as a food additive, and are ordinarily based upon published studies but may be corroborated by unpublished studies, data, and information.[10][11][2]
Intended use
The substance must be shown to be "generally recognized" as safe under the conditions of its intended use.[2] To establish GRAS, the proponent must show that there is a consensus of expert opinion that the substance is safe for its intended use.[6] For existing GRAS items, new uses should not substantially exceed historical occurrence levels of the substance in the diet.[2]
Enforcement
When use of a substance does not qualify for the GRAS exemption, it is subject to the premarket approval mandated by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. In such circumstances, the FDA can take enforcement action to stop distribution of the food substance and foods containing it on the grounds that such foods are not deemed GRAS or contain an unlawfully added ingredient.[12]
An example of a non-GRAS ingredient requiring enforcement actions in the form of FDA warning letters to 15 companies in 2019 was cannabidiol,[13] which, as of 2024, had not been established with sufficient scientific evidence of safety as a GRAS ingredient.[14]
New Dietary Ingredient process
The separate New Dietary Ingredient (NDI) notification process is FDA's premarket system for certain ingredients in dietary supplements defined in the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA). Supplement makers have been accused of "routinely and systematically" bypassing the DSHEA NDI process by using GRAS exemptions: first adding new compounds to a food and self-certifying, with or without FDA notification, then adding them to supplements.[15]
History
On 6 September 1958, the Food Additives Amendment of 1958 was signed into law, with a list of 700 food substances that were exempt from the then-new requirement that manufacturers test food additives before putting them on the market.[1][4] In 1960, William W. Goodrich, assistant general counsel of the FDA, emphasized that GRAS status under the amendment depended on broad expert consensus, distinguishing it from mere proof of safety, and urged treating doubtful substances as food additives requiring formal approval.[16] FDA engaged in a systematic reconsideration of the safety of GRAS substances in the 1970s and 1980s.[17][5]
In 1971 FDA issued criteria for determining GRAS status on its own initiative, and in 1972 the GRAS affirmation petition process was created to allow individuals to initiate reviews.[18][19] Between 1974–1976 they also clarified the distinction between GRAS by scientific procedures and by common use in food before 1958.[20][19] In 1997 they replaced the affirmation petition process with the current GRAS notification process because it was slow, resource-intensive, and offered little added public health benefit, while a simpler notification would free resources, encourage industry disclosure, and maintain the same legal safeguards.[19][21] In May 2025, FDA announced it was planning a systematic post-market review process.[22][23]
List of GRAS substances
The list of GRAS notices (GRAS Notice Inventory) is updated approximately each month by the FDA.[6] The list of GRAS affirmations by FDA appear in Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations. As of July2025[update] (beginning in 1998), 1,234 ingredient or food substances have been filed with the FDA.[6] FDA posts status of the review as either without further questions (as a position of "no objection") or the petition is withdrawn by the applicant.[6]
↑ Jalonik, Mary Clare (16 June 2015). "FDA tells food industry to phase out artificial trans fats". Boston Globe. Associated Press. Retrieved 16 July 2019. To phase the fats out, the FDA made a preliminary determination in 2013 that partially hydrogenated oils no longer fall in the agency's "generally recognized as safe" category, which covers thousands of additives that manufacturers can use in foods without FDA review. The agency made that decision final Tuesday, giving food companies until June 2018 to phase them out.
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