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| AHFS/Drugs.com | Consumer Drug Information |
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| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.038.806 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C8H12MgN2O8 |
| Molar mass | 288.495 g·mol−1 |
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Magnesium aspartate, the chelated magnesium salt of aspartic acid, it is a mineral supplement. [1]
Magnesium aspartate hydrochloride, sold under the Maginex DS brand, among others, contains approximately 10% elemental magnesium. [2] This means, for example, that there is 122 mg of magnesium in 1,230 mg Maginex DS dietary supplement granules. [2]
This form of magnesium supplementation has increased bioavailability compared to magnesium oxide and magnesium citrate. There were some promising clinical trials conducted in the 1960s that found a combination of magnesium and potassium aspartates had a positive effect on fatigue and they reduced muscle hyper-excitability. [3]
In its evaluation in 2005, the AFC Panel concluded that in humans the bioavailability of magnesium from magnesium L-aspartate was similar to that from other organic magnesium salts and the more soluble inorganic magnesium salts. [4] Overall, it was concluded that organic salts of magnesium have the greatest water solubility and demonstrate a greater oral absorption and bioavailability compared to less soluble magnesium preparations such as magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate and magnesium sulphate. [5]
Magnesium aspartate is a compound formed by the combination of the divalent magnesium cation (Mg2+) and the dicarboxylic amino acid aspartate (C4H6NO4-). The chemical formula for this compound is Mg(C4H6NO4)2. [6]
The structure of magnesium aspartate consists of a central magnesium ion that is chelated, or bound, by two aspartate anions. The aspartate moiety contains a carboxyl group (-COOH), an amino group (-NH2), and a second carboxyl group, forming a dicarboxylic amino acid structure. [6]
This unique chelated structure is responsible for the enhanced water solubility of magnesium aspartate compared to other magnesium salts, such as magnesium oxide or magnesium citrate. The water-soluble nature of the compound is a key factor contributing to its improved bioavailability when taken orally. [6]
The chelation of the magnesium ion by the two aspartate groups facilitates the efficient absorption and utilization of magnesium by the body. The aspartate moiety acts as a chelating agent, helping to transport the magnesium ions across cell membranes and into the bloodstream, where they can be distributed to various tissues and organs.
This improved absorption and distribution of magnesium is a significant advantage of using magnesium aspartate as a supplement. The chelated structure enhances the bioavailability of the magnesium, allowing for better utilization by the body compared to other less soluble and less bioavailable forms of magnesium.
The structure of magnesium aspartate, with the divalent magnesium cation chelated by two aspartate anions, contributes to its high water solubility and improved bioavailability. This unique structural feature is a key factor in the enhanced absorption and utilization of magnesium from this particular form of magnesium supplementation.
Magnesium aspartate has been investigated for its potential therapeutic applications in various health conditions. Some of the areas where magnesium aspartate has shown promise include:
Numerous studies have suggested that magnesium aspartate may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. It has been explored for its potential role in reducing blood pressure, improving endothelial function, and reducing the risk of arrhythmias and other heart-related conditions [7]
Magnesium aspartate has been studied for its potential to improve insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in individuals with diabetes or metabolic disorders. The improved bioavailability of magnesium may contribute to these potential benefits.
a) Improved Insulin Sensitivity
Several studies have demonstrated that magnesium aspartate supplementation can enhance insulin sensitivity, even in individuals who are overweight, insulin resistant, and non-diabetic. [8] [9]
The improved insulin sensitivity observed with magnesium aspartate supplementation may help compensate for variations in insulin sensitivity, potentially benefiting those with diabetes or metabolic disorders. [8]
b) Glycemic Control
Magnesium aspartate has been investigated for its ability to improve glycemic control in individuals with diabetes. Research has found that supplementation with 250-450 mg of magnesium aspartate daily for 6-24 weeks can significantly reduce fasting blood sugar levels compared to placebo groups. [6] [9] .This suggests that the improved bioavailability of magnesium from the aspartate compound may help optimize blood sugar regulation in those with diabetes.
Magnesium is required for the proper contraction and relaxation of muscles. It acts as a cofactor for numerous enzymes involved in muscle function, energy production, and electrolyte balance. [8] [9]
Magnesium aspartate supplementation has been shown to improve various measures of muscle performance, including grip strength, lower-leg power, knee extension torque, and ankle extension strength. [6] [10]
Magnesium is essential for the efficient conversion of food into usable energy through processes like glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. [8] [9] Animal studies have indicated that magnesium aspartate can enhance glucose availability in the brain, muscles, and blood, potentially improving exercise efficiency and delaying the onset of fatigue. [6] , [11] .
Magnesium aspartate may also play a role in supporting exercise recovery and endurance. By helping to regulate muscle function and energy metabolism, magnesium aspartate supplementation has been associated with improvements in measures like maximal isometric trunk flexion, rotation, and jumping performance [6] [10]
| Age | Male | Female | Pregnancy | Lactation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birth to 6 months | 30 mg* | 30 mg* | ||
| 7–12 months | 75 mg* | 75 mg* | ||
| 1–3 years | 80 mg | 80 mg | ||
| 4–8 years | 130 mg | 130 mg | ||
| 9–13 years | 240 mg | 240 mg | ||
| 14–18 years | 410 mg | 360 mg | 400 mg | 360 mg |
| 19–30 years | 400 mg | 310 mg | 350 mg | 310 mg |
| 31–50 years | 420 mg | 320 mg | 360 mg | 320 mg |
| 51+ years | 420 mg | 320 mg |
Magnesium-L-aspartate 1230 mg (magnesium 122 mg) up to 3 times/day Dosage adjustment in renal impairment: Patients with severe kidney failure should not receive magnesium due to toxicity from accumulation. [13]
Magnesium supplements and other magnesium containing products, such as antacids, can bind with prescription medicines, reducing their effectiveness. [14]
When considering aspartate sources individually, the levels of exposure estimated in this opinion amount up to 6 g/day for calcium aspartate (equivalent to 100 mg/kg bw/day for a 60 kg individual), 5.8 g/day for magnesium aspartate (equivalent to 97 mg/kg bw/day), 4 g/day for potassium aspartate (equivalent to 67 mg/kg bw/day), 0.05 g/day for zinc aspartate (0.8 mg/kg bw/day) and 0.008 g/day for copper aspartate (0.1 mg/kg bw/day). These values are all below those reported to induce amino acid imbalance in intervention trials (6.3 g aspartate/day) and they are, respectively, 7, 7.2, 10.5, 875 and 7000 times lower than the NOAEL for aspartate identified from a 90-day rat study. Based on these margins of safety, the Panel concludes that the use of zinc and copper aspartate, as sources of zinc and copper at the proposed use levels, are not of safety concern but that the use of calcium, magnesium and potassium aspartate could be of safety concern because the margins of safety are considered too low. The Panel notes that if all sources would be used simultaneously, combined exposure will be 16 g/day (equivalent to 267 mg/kg bw/day), which is above the reported amounts inducing amino acid imbalance in intervention trials (6.3 g/day). Furthermore, this value is only 3 times lower than the NOAEL from the rat study and due to the low margin of safety the Panel considers this of safety concern. The Panel estimates that the exposure to aspartate from these food supplements should be added to the aspartate exposure arising from the diet.
Based on US data, estimates of the mean exposure to aspartic acid arising from the diet are 4.1 g/day (children 1-3 year old) to 9.3 g/day (males 19-30 year old) and at the 95th percentile 6.6 g/day (children 4-8 year old) to 12.9 g/day (males 19-50 year old). Under these conditions, estimates of maximum daily exposure to aspartate ions from the diet (13 g/day) and from calcium or magnesium aspartate supplements would be approximately 19 g/day6, and from potassium aspartate would be 17 g/day. [15] Aspartate exposure estimates from zinc or copper supplementation would not significantly change aspartate exposure from the diet.
Taken individually these levels of exposure are lower than those reported to induce amino acid imbalance in intervention trials, when aspartate exposure from the diet is also taken into consideration (19.3 g/day). [16] However, when considering the potential total intake of aspartic ions arising from the diet and from a potential multi-mineral combination of all food supplements the exposure could add up to 29 g/day. [17] In line with the SCF concerns, the Panel considers that the use of L-amino acids in food supplements should not give rise to a nutritional imbalance of the amino acids. Thus the Panel concludes that under these conditions aspartate ion exposure from a multi-mineral combination of this type could be of safety concern. [5]
Chromium is a chemical element; it has symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the first element in group 6. It is a steely-grey, lustrous, hard, and brittle transition metal.
Magnesium is a chemical element; it has symbol Mg and atomic number 12. It is a shiny gray metal having a low density, low melting point and high chemical reactivity. Like the other alkaline earth metals it occurs naturally only in combination with other elements and it almost always has an oxidation state of +2. It reacts readily with air to form a thin passivation coating of magnesium oxide that inhibits further corrosion of the metal. The free metal burns with a brilliant-white light. The metal is obtained mainly by electrolysis of magnesium salts obtained from brine. It is less dense than aluminium and is used primarily as a component in strong and lightweight alloys that contain aluminium.
Nitrate is a polyatomic ion with the chemical formula NO−
3. Salts containing this ion are called nitrates. Nitrates are common components of fertilizers and explosives. Almost all inorganic nitrates are soluble in water. An example of an insoluble nitrate is bismuth oxynitrate.
Potassium is a chemical element; it has symbol K and atomic number 19. It is a silvery white metal that is soft enough to easily cut with a knife. Potassium metal reacts rapidly with atmospheric oxygen to form flaky white potassium peroxide in only seconds of exposure. It was first isolated from potash, the ashes of plants, from which its name derives. In the periodic table, potassium is one of the alkali metals, all of which have a single valence electron in the outer electron shell, which is easily removed to create an ion with a positive charge. In nature, potassium occurs only in ionic salts. Elemental potassium reacts vigorously with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite hydrogen emitted in the reaction, and burning with a lilac-colored flame. It is found dissolved in seawater, and occurs in many minerals such as orthoclase, a common constituent of granites and other igneous rocks.
Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is a B vitamin and an essential nutrient. All animals need pantothenic acid in order to synthesize coenzyme A (CoA), which is essential for cellular energy production and for the synthesis and degradation of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
Leucine (symbol Leu or L) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Leucine is an α-amino acid, meaning it contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH3+ form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain isobutyl group, making it a non-polar aliphatic amino acid. It is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it: it must be obtained from the diet. Human dietary sources are foods that contain protein, such as meats, dairy products, soy products, and beans and other legumes. It is encoded by the codons UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, and CUG. Leucine is named after the Greek word for "white": λευκός (leukós, "white"), after its common appearance as a white powder, a property it shares with many other amino acids.
A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Nutrients can be incorporated into cells for metabolic purposes or excreted by cells to create non-cellular structures, such as hair, scales, feathers, or exoskeletons. Some nutrients can be metabolically converted to smaller molecules in the process of releasing energy, such as for carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and fermentation products, leading to end-products of water and carbon dioxide. All organisms require water. Essential nutrients for animals are the energy sources, some of the amino acids that are combined to create proteins, a subset of fatty acids, vitamins and certain minerals. Plants require more diverse minerals absorbed through roots, plus carbon dioxide and oxygen absorbed through leaves. Fungi live on dead or living organic matter and meet nutrient needs from their host.
In the context of nutrition, a mineral is a chemical element. Some "minerals" are essential for life, most are not. Minerals are one of the four groups of essential nutrients, the others of which are vitamins, essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids. The five major minerals in the human body are calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and magnesium. The remaining elements are called "trace elements". The generally accepted trace elements are iron, chlorine, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, iodine, and selenium; there is some evidence that there may be more.
Magnesium is an essential element in biological systems. Magnesium occurs typically as the Mg2+ ion. It is an essential mineral nutrient (i.e., element) for life and is present in every cell type in every organism. For example, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in cells, must bind to a magnesium ion in order to be biologically active. What is called ATP is often actually Mg-ATP. As such, magnesium plays a role in the stability of all polyphosphate compounds in the cells, including those associated with the synthesis of DNA and RNA.
Plant nutrition is the study of the chemical elements and compounds necessary for plant growth and reproduction, plant metabolism and their external supply. In its absence the plant is unable to complete a normal life cycle, or that the element is part of some essential plant constituent or metabolite. This is in accordance with Justus von Liebig's law of the minimum. The total essential plant nutrients include seventeen different elements: carbon, oxygen and hydrogen which are absorbed from the air, whereas other nutrients including nitrogen are typically obtained from the soil.
Magnesium deficiency is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is a low level of magnesium in the body. It can result in multiple symptoms. Symptoms include tremor, poor coordination, muscle spasms, loss of appetite, personality changes, and nystagmus. Complications may include seizures or cardiac arrest such as from torsade de pointes. Those with low magnesium often have low potassium.
Pentetic acid or diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) is an aminopolycarboxylic acid consisting of a diethylenetriamine backbone with five carboxymethyl groups. The molecule can be viewed as an expanded version of EDTA and is used similarly. It is a white solid with limited solubility in water.
Picolinic acid is an organic compound with the formula C
5H
4NCOOH). It is a derivative of pyridine with a carboxylic acid (COOH) substituent at the 2-position. It is an isomer of nicotinic acid and isonicotinic acid, which have the carboxyl side chain at the 3- and 4-positions, respectively. It is a white solid that is soluble in water.
Magnesium citrate is a magnesium preparation in salt form with citric acid in a 1:1 ratio. It contains 11.23% magnesium by weight.
Chelates in animal feed is jargon for metalloorganic compounds added to animal feed. The compounds provide sources of various metals that improve the health or marketability of the animal. Typical metals salts are derived from cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc. The objective of supplementation with trace minerals is to avoid a variety of deficiency diseases. Trace minerals carry out key functions in relation to many metabolic processes, most notably as cofactors for enzymes and hormones, and are essential for optimum health, growth and productivity. For example, supplementary minerals help ensure good growth, bone development, feathering in birds, hoof, skin and hair quality in mammals, enzyme structure and functions, and appetite. Deficiency of trace minerals affect many metabolic processes and so may be manifested by different symptoms, such as poor growth and appetite, reproductive failures, impaired immune responses, and general ill-thrift. From the 1950s to the 1990s most trace mineral supplementation of animal diets was in the form of inorganic minerals, and these largely eradicated associated deficiency diseases in farm animals. The role in fertility and reproductive diseases of dairy cattle highlights that organic forms of Zn are retained better than inorganic sources and so may provide greater benefit in disease prevention, notably mastitis and lameness.
Zinc l-aspartate, often simply called zinc aspartate, is a chelated zinc supplement. Zinc aspartate is a salt of zinc with the amino acid aspartic acid.
Zinc chloride hydroxide monohydrate or more accurately pentazinc dichloride octahydroxide monohydrate is a zinc hydroxy compound with chemical formula Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O. It is often referred to as tetrabasic zinc chloride (TBZC), basic zinc chloride, zinc hydroxychloride, or zinc oxychloride. It is a colorless crystalline solid insoluble in water. Its naturally occurring form, simonkolleite, has been shown to be a desirable nutritional supplement for animals.
Nutritional neuroscience is the scientific discipline that studies the effects various components of the diet such as minerals, vitamins, protein, carbohydrates, fats, dietary supplements, synthetic hormones, and food additives have on neurochemistry, neurobiology, behavior, and cognition.
Magnesium salts are available as a medication in a number of formulations. They are used to treat magnesium deficiency, low blood magnesium, eclampsia, and several other conditions. Magnesium is an essential nutrient.
Calcium supplements are salts of calcium used in a number of conditions. Supplementation is generally only required when there is not enough calcium in the diet. By mouth they are used to treat and prevent low blood calcium, osteoporosis, and rickets. By injection into a vein they are used for low blood calcium that is resulting in muscle spasms and for high blood potassium or magnesium toxicity.
