Osemozotan

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Osemozotan
Osemozotanstructure.tif
Legal status
Legal status
  • In general: uncontrolled
Identifiers
  • 5-(3-[((2S)-1,4-benzodioxan-2-ylmethyl)amino]propoxy)-1,3-benzodioxole
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
Formula C20H23NO4
Molar mass 341.407 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • C1[C@@H](OC2=CC=CC=C2O1)CNCCCOC3=CC4=C(C=C3)OCO4
  • InChI=1S/C19H21NO5/c1-2-5-18-16(4-1)22-12-15(25-18)11-20-8-3-9-21-14-6-7-17-19(10-14)24-13-23-17/h1-2,4-7,10,15,20H,3,8-9,11-13H2/t15-/m0/s1 X mark.svgN
  • Key:MEEQBDCQPIZMLY-HNNXBMFYSA-N X mark.svgN
 X mark.svgNYes check.svgY  (what is this?)    (verify)

Osemozotan (MKC-242) is a selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist with some functional selectivity, acting as a full agonist at presynaptic and a partial agonist at postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors. [1] 5-HT1A receptor stimulation influences the release of various neurotransmitters including serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine. [2] 5-HT1A receptors are inhibitory G protein-coupled receptor. [3] Osemozotan has antidepressant, anxiolytic, antiobsessional, serenic, and analgesic effects in animal studies, [4] [5] [6] [2] and is used to investigate the role of 5-HT1A receptors in modulating the release of dopamine and serotonin in the brain, [7] [8] and their involvement in addiction to abused stimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine. [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]

Contents

Pharmacodynamics

The target of Osemozotan is 5-HT1A receptors. This molecules bind with almost 1000 times greater affinity to 5-HT1A receptors than most other 5-HT, dopamine, or adrenergic receptors. [2] With repeated exposure of Osemozotan at the 5-HT1A receptors, there seems to be no change in the number of receptors, which is not typically seen with pharmaceutical agonists. [14]

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetic data was collected from animal studies performed in mice and rats. The CMax was obtained 15 minutes after oral ingestion of Osemozotan, the area under the curve was 2,943 ng x hr/mL and the half-life was 1.3 hours. [6] The pharmacokinetic testing has been able to help explain the longer acting pharmacologic effects of Osemozotan, and the increased potency. Osemozotan was shown to have increased duration of pharmacologic effects compared to azapirones and requires a substantially lower dose to produce its pharmacologic effects. [6] This may be attractive to populations that will have to take this medication in that they may not have to take the medication as often throughout the day. In these studies there was a difference in dosage amount necessary for the indication it is used. [6] Osemozotan has not been found to be metabolized to 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-piperazine, a common metabolite found with the azapirone class of medications. [6] 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)-piperazine has affinity for receptors other than 5-HT1A, decreasing its specificity and increasing the risk of unwanted effects. [6] Since Osemozotan does not express this metabolite, it has greater specificity to 5-HT1A compared to other anxiolytic medications.

Uses

As mentioned above, Osemozotan is being investigated in its usage to treat pain, aggressive behavior, anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and drug dependence with methamphetamine and cocaine. [2] [6]

Pain

It has been proposed that Osemozotan be used as an analgesic agent because of its activation of 5-HT 1A receptors that lead to inhibitory serotonin signaling pathway within the spinal cord to cause hypoalgesia and decrease mechanical allodynia. [2] [15]

Aggressive behavior

Osemozotan was found to decrease the number of fighting incidences[ spelling? ] in mice similar to buspirone, diazepam, and tandospirone but required a lower pharmacologic dose to produce beneficial effects. [6] Osemozotan showed dose-dependent anti-aggressive effects and was not shown to decrease motor coordination within the mice. [6]

Anxiety and depression

5-HT 1A receptors when stimulated have shown to have anxiolytic and antidepressant pharmacologic effects. [2]

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Obsessive-Compulsive patients have been found to have increased 5-HT levels within the brain. [1] [16] With the use of Osemozotan as a 5-HT 1A agonist, there will be a decrease in serotonergic activity within the brain, leading to possible anti-obsessional pharmacological action. [6] One animal mouse model used to test for OCD is known as the marble burying test in which the amount of marbles buried within a certain time frame is recorded. [6] Mice performed the marble burying test both with and without Osemozotan. With Osemozotan administration, the number of marbles buried was decreased with apparently little to no loss in motor coordination; these test results support the theory that Osemozotan may be useful in the treatment of OCD. [6]

Drug dependence

It has been noted that sensitization of cocaine may stem from action of the 5-HT 1A receptor. [10] [17] While the role of 5-HT receptors with methamphetamine is still not certain, the use of osemozotan was found to decrease 5-HT levels in patients with repeated methamphetamine exposure; this may be a possibility for treatment of drug dependence with cocaine and methamphetamine. [9]

Prevalence of mental disease states

About 18% of American adults suffer from some type of anxiety disorder [18] and 1 in 5 adults in the United States are on some type of medication to help control or improve their behavior. [19] The prevalence of prescription medication use for mental illnesses has noticeably increased in the past few years, with increasing numbers in the younger adults and in men. [19] Around 60 billion dollars are spent annually for treatments dealing with mental illnesses. [20]

See also

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References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Matsuda T (2013). "Neuropharmacologic studies on the brain serotonin1A receptor using the selective agonist osemozotan". Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 36 (12): 1871–82. doi: 10.1248/bpb.b13-00645 . PMID   24292048.
  3. ↑ Saudou F, Hen R (December 1994). "5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor subtypes in vertebrates and invertebrates". Neurochemistry International. 25 (6): 503–32. doi:10.1016/0197-0186(94)90150-3. PMID   7894328. S2CID   34436470.
  4. ↑ Abe M, Tabata R, Saito K, Matsuda T, Baba A, Egawa M (August 1996). "Novel benzodioxan derivative, 5-[3-[((2S)-1,4-benzodioxan-2-ylmethyl) amino]propoxy]-1,3-benzodioxole HCl (MKC-242), with anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effects in animal models". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 278 (2): 898–905. PMID   8768745.
  5. ↑ Sakaue M, Ago Y, Sowa C, Koyama Y, Baba A, Matsuda T (January 2003). "The 5-HT1A receptor agonist MKC-242 increases the exploratory activity of mice in the elevated plus-maze". European Journal of Pharmacology. 458 (1–2): 141–4. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(02)02786-3. PMID   12498918.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Abe, Michikazu, Hiroshi Nakai, Reiko Tabata, Ken-Ichi Saito, and Mitsuo Egawa. "Effect of 5-{3-[((2S)-1,4-Benzodioxan-2-ylmethyl)amino]propoxy}-1,3-benzodioxole HCL (MKC-242), a Novel 5-HT1A-Receptor Agonist, on Aggressive Behavior and Marble Burying Behavior in Mice." Jpn. J. Pharmacol.76 (1998): 297-304.
  7. ↑ Sakaue M, Somboonthum P, Nishihara B, Koyama Y, Hashimoto H, Baba A, Matsuda T (March 2000). "Postsynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine(1A) receptor activation increases in vivo dopamine release in rat prefrontal cortex". British Journal of Pharmacology. 129 (5): 1028–34. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703139. PMC   1571922 . PMID   10696105.
  8. ↑ Ago Y, Koyama Y, Baba A, Matsuda T (December 2003). "Regulation by 5-HT1A receptors of the in vivo release of 5-HT and DA in mouse frontal cortex". Neuropharmacology. 45 (8): 1050–6. doi:10.1016/S0028-3908(03)00304-6. PMID   14614948. S2CID   20463997.
  9. 1 2 Ago Y, Nakamura S, Uda M, Kajii Y, Abe M, Baba A, Matsuda T (September 2006). "Attenuation by the 5-HT1A receptor agonist osemozotan of the behavioral effects of single and repeated methamphetamine in mice". Neuropharmacology. 51 (4): 914–22. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.06.001. PMID   16863654. S2CID   38888234.
  10. 1 2 Ago Y, Nakamura S, Hayashi A, Itoh S, Baba A, Matsuda T (September 2006). "Effects of osemozotan, ritanserin and azasetron on cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in mice". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 85 (1): 198–205. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2006.07.036. PMID   16962650. S2CID   1794862.
  11. ↑ Ago Y, Nakamura S, Baba A, Matsuda T (January 2008). "Neuropsychotoxicity of abused drugs: effects of serotonin receptor ligands on methamphetamine- and cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in mice". Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 106 (1): 15–21. doi: 10.1254/jphs.FM0070121 . PMID   18198473.
  12. ↑ Tsuchida R, Kubo M, Kuroda M, Shibasaki Y, Shintani N, Abe M, et al. (March 2009). "An antihyperkinetic action by the serotonin 1A-receptor agonist osemozotan co-administered with psychostimulants or the non-stimulant atomoxetine in mice". Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 109 (3): 396–402. doi: 10.1254/jphs.08297FP . PMID   19270432.
  13. ↑ Tsuchida R, Kubo M, Shintani N, Abe M, Köves K, Uetsuki K, et al. (April 2009). "Inhibitory effects of osemozotan, a serotonin 1A-receptor agonist, on methamphetamine-induced c-Fos expression in prefrontal cortical neurons". Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 32 (4): 728–31. doi: 10.1248/bpb.32.728 . PMID   19336914.
  14. ↑ Asano S, Matsuda T, Yoshikawa T, Somboonthum P, Tasaki H, Abe M, Baba A (May 1997). "Interaction of orally administered 5-[3-[((2S)-1,4-benzodioxan-2-ylmethyl)amino]propoxy]-1,3-benzodioxole (MKC-242) with 5-HT1A receptors in rat brain". Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 74 (1): 69–75. doi: 10.1254/jjp.74.69 . PMID   9195299.
  15. ↑ Horiguchi N, Ago Y, Hasebe S, Higashino K, Asada K, Kita Y, et al. (November 2013). "Isolation rearing reduces mechanical allodynia in a mouse model of chronic inflammatory pain". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 113: 46–52. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2013.10.017. PMID   24161684. S2CID   19975118.
  16. ↑ McMillen BA, Scott SM, Williams HL, Sanghera MK (April 1987). "Effects of gepirone, an aryl-piperazine anxiolytic drug, on aggressive behavior and brain monoaminergic neurotransmission". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 335 (4): 454–64. doi:10.1007/bf00165563. PMID   2439924. S2CID   23396992.
  17. ↑ Nakamura S, Ago Y, Hayashi A, Itoh S, Kakuda M, Hashimoto H, et al. (December 2006). "Modification of cocaine-induced behavioral and neurochemical effects by serotonin1A receptor agonist/antagonist in mice". Synapse. 60 (7): 479–84. doi:10.1002/syn.20323. PMID   16952156. S2CID   29597138.
  18. ↑ "Facts & Statistics | Anxiety and Depression Association of America, ADAA".
  19. 1 2 "Report: 1 in 5 of U.S. Adults on behavioral meds".
  20. ↑ "NIMH » Statistics".
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