Ziprasidone

Last updated

Ziprasidone
Ziprasidone.svg
Ziprasidone ball-and-stick model.png
Clinical data
Trade names Geodon, Zeldox, Zipwell, other
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a699062
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU:C
Routes of
administration 		By mouth, intramuscular injection (IM)
Drug class Atypical antipsychotic
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 60% (oral) [3]
100% (IM)
Metabolism Liver (aldehyde reductase)
Elimination half-life 7 to 10 hours [4]
Excretion Urine and feces
Identifiers
  • 5-{2-[4-(1,2-benzisothiazol-3-yl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl}-6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard 100.106.954 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Chemical and physical data
Formula C21H21ClN4OS
Molar mass 412.94 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C1Cc2c(N1)cc(Cl)c(c2)CCN3CCN(CC3)c4nsc5ccccc45
  • InChI=1S/C21H21ClN4OS/c22-17-13-18-15(12-20(27)23-18)11-14(17)5-6-25-7-9-26(10-8-25)21-16-3-1-2-4-19(16)28-24-21/h1-4,11,13H,5-10,12H2,(H,23,27) Yes check.svgY
  • Key:MVWVFYHBGMAFLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Yes check.svgY
   (verify)
3D-animation of a ziprasidone molecule. Ziprasidone3Dan.gif
3D-animation of a ziprasidone molecule.
Ziprasidon Krka brand medicine. GEODON60MG.png
Ziprasidon Krka brand medicine.

Ziprasidone, sold under the brand name Geodon among others, is an atypical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. [5] It may be used by mouth and by injection into a muscle (IM). [5] The IM form may be used for acute agitation in people with schizophrenia. [5]

Contents

Common side effects include tremors, tics, dizziness, dry mouth, restlessness, nausea, and mild sedation. [6] [7] Although it can also cause weight gain, the risk is much lower than for other atypical antipsychotics. [8] How it works is not entirely clear but is believed to involve effects on serotonin and dopamine in the brain. [5]

Ziprasidone was approved for medical use in the United States in 2001. [5] The pills are made up of the hydrochloride salt, ziprasidone hydrochloride. The intramuscular form is the mesylate, ziprasidone mesylate trihydrate, and is provided as a lyophilized powder. In 2020, it was the 282nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1 million prescriptions. [9] [10]

Medical uses

Ziprasidone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of schizophrenia as well as acute mania and mixed states associated with bipolar disorder. Its intramuscular injection form is approved for acute agitation in schizophrenic patients for whom treatment with just ziprasidone is appropriate. [11]

In a 2013 study in a comparison of 15 antipsychotic drugs in effectiveness in treating schizophrenic symptoms, ziprasidone demonstrated mild-standard effectiveness. Ziprasidone was 15% more effective than lurasidone and iloperidone, approximately as effective as chlorpromazine and asenapine, and 9–13% less effective than haloperidol, quetiapine, and aripiprazole. [12] Ziprasidone is effective in the treatment of schizophrenia, though evidence from the CATIE trials suggests it is less effective than olanzapine, and equally as effective compared to quetiapine. There are higher discontinuation rates for lower doses of ziprasidone, which are also less effective than higher doses. [13]

Adverse effects

Ziprasidone (and all other second generation antipsychotics (SGAs)) received a black box warning due to increased mortality in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis. [14]

Sleepiness and headache are very common adverse effects (>10%). [6] [7]

Common adverse effects (1–10%), include producing too much saliva or having dry mouth, runny nose, respiratory disorders or coughing, nausea and vomiting, stomach aches, constipation or diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight gain (but the smallest risk for weight gain compared to other antipsychotics [8] ), rashes, fast heart beats, blood pressure falling when standing up quickly, muscle pain, weakness, twitches, dizziness, and anxiety. [6] [7] Extrapyramidal symptoms are also common and include tremor, dystonia (sustained or repetitive muscle contractions), akathisia (the feeling of a need to be in motion), parkinsonism, and muscle rigidity; in a 2013 meta-analysis of 15 antipsychotic drugs, ziprasidone ranked 8th for such side effects. [15]

Ziprasidone is known to trigger mania in some bipolar patients. [16] [17] [18]

This medication can cause birth defects, according to animal studies, although this side effect has not been confirmed in humans. [14]

Recently, the FDA required the manufacturers of some atypical antipsychotics to include a warning about the risk of hyperglycemia and Type II diabetes with atypical antipsychotics. Some evidence suggests that ziprasidone does not cause insulin resistance to the degree of other atypical antipsychotics, such as olanzapine. Weight gain is also less of a concern with ziprasidone compared to other atypical antipsychotics. [19] [20] [21] [22] In fact, in a trial of long term therapy with ziprasidone, overweight patients (BMI > 27) actually had a mean weight loss overall. [14] According to the manufacturer insert, ziprasidone caused an average weight gain of 2.2 kg (4.8 lbs), which is significantly lower than other atypical antipsychotics, making this medication better for patients that are concerned about their weight. In December 2014, the FDA warned that ziprasidone could cause a potentially fatal skin reaction, Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS), although this was believed to occur only rarely. [23]

Discontinuation

The British National Formulary recommends a gradual withdrawal when discontinuing antipsychotics to avoid acute withdrawal syndrome or rapid relapse. [24] Symptoms of withdrawal commonly include nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. [25] Other symptoms may include restlessness, increased sweating, and trouble sleeping. [25] Less commonly there may be a feeling of the world spinning, numbness, or muscle pains. [25] Symptoms generally resolve after a short period of time. [25]

There is tentative evidence that discontinuation of antipsychotics can result in psychosis. [26] It may also result in reoccurrence of the condition that is being treated. [27] Rarely tardive dyskinesia can occur when the medication is stopped. [25]

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Ziprasidone [28]
SiteKi (nM)ActionRef
SERT Tooltip Serotonin transporter112Blocker [28]
NET Tooltip Norepinephrine transporter44Blocker [28]
DAT Tooltip Dopamine transporter>10,000ND [28]
5-HT1A 2.5–76Partial agonist [29] [30] [31]
5-HT1B 0.99–4.0Partial agonist [30] [28]
5-HT1D 5.1–9.0Partial agonist [30] [28]
5-HT1E 360–1,279ND [30] [28]
5-HT2A 0.08–1.4Antagonist [32] [29] [30]
5-HT2B 27.2Antagonist [28]
5-HT2C 0.72–13Antagonist [29]
5-HT3 >10,000ND [28]
5-HT5A 291ND [28]
5-HT6 61–76Antagonist [31] [29]
5-HT7 6.0–9.3Antagonist [28] [31] [29]
α1A 18Antagonist [28] [31]
α1B 9.0Antagonist [28]
α2A 160Antagonist [28] [30] [31]
α2B 48Antagonist [28] [30] [31]
α2C 59–77Antagonist [28] [30] [31]
β1 ≥2,570ND [30] [28]
β2 >10,000ND [30] [28]
D1 30–130ND [28] [29]
D2 4.8Antagonist [33] [29] [31]
D2L 4.6Antagonist [30] [34]
D2S 4.2Antagonist [30]
D3 7.2Antagonist [33] [29] [30]
D4 0.8–105Antagonist [33] [29] [28]
D4.2 28–39Antagonist [34]
D4.4 14.9Antagonist [35]
D5 152ND [28]
H1 15–130Antagonist [30] [29] [28]
H2 3,500ND [28]
H3 >10,000ND [28]
H4 >10,000ND [28]
M1 ≥300ND [36] [28] [29]
M2 ≥3,000ND [36] [28]
M3 ≥1,300ND [36] [31] [28]
M4 ≥1,600ND [36] [28]
M5 ≥1,600ND [36] [28]
σ1 110ND [30]
σ2 NDNDND
Opioid >1,000ND [30]
nACh Tooltip Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor>10,000ND [28]
NMDA
(PCP) 		>10,000ND [28]
VDCC Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channel>10,000ND [28] [30]
VGSC Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channel2,620ND [30]
hERG Tooltip Human Ether-à-go-go-Related Gene169Blocker [37]
Values are Ki (nM). The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site. All data are for human cloned proteins, except H3 (guinea pig), σ1 (guinea pig), opioid (rodent), NMDA/PCP (rat), VDCC, and VGSC. [28]

Correspondence to clinical effects

Ziprasidone mostly affects the receptors of dopamine (D2), serotonin (5-HT2A, partially 5-HT1A, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT1D) [3] [38] [39] and epinephrine/norepinephrine (α1) to a high degree, while of histamine (H1) - moderately. [40] [41] It also somewhat inhibits reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, though not dopamine. [40] [42]

Ziprasidone's efficacy in treating the positive symptoms of schizophrenia is believed to be mediated primarily via antagonism of the dopamine receptors, specifically D2. Blockade of the 5-HT2A receptor may also play a role in its effectiveness against positive symptoms, though the significance of this property in antipsychotic drugs is still debated among researchers. [43] Blockade of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C and activation of 5-HT1A as well as inhibition of the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine may all contribute to its ability to alleviate negative symptoms.; [44] however, its effects on the 5-HT1A receptor may be limited as a study [45] found ziprasidone would likely "produce detectable occupancy [of 5-HT1A receptors] only at higher doses that would produce unacceptable levels of side effects in man, although lower doses are sufficient to produce pharmacological effects." The relatively weak antagonistic actions of ziprasidone on the α1-adrenergic receptor likely in part explains some of its side effects, such as orthostatic hypotension. Unlike many other antipsychotics, ziprasidone has no significant affinity for the mACh receptors, and as such lacks any anticholinergic side effects. Like most other antipsychotics, ziprasidone is sedating due primarily to serotonin and dopamine blockade. [46] [47]

Pharmacokinetics

The systemic bioavailability of ziprasidone is 100% when administered intramuscularly and 60% when administered orally without food. [3]

After a single dose intramuscular administration, the peak serum concentration typically occurs at about 60 minutes after the dose is administered, or earlier. [48] Steady state plasma concentrations are achieved within one to three days. Exposure increases in a dose-related manner and following three days of intramuscular dosing, little accumulation is observed.

The bioavailability of the drug is reduced by approximately 50% if a meal is not eaten before Ziprasidone ingestion. [14] [49]

Ziprasidone is hepatically metabolized by aldehyde oxidase; minor metabolism occurs via cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). [50] Medications that induce (e.g. carbamazepine) or inhibit (e.g. ketoconazole) CYP3A4 have been shown to decrease and increase, respectively, blood levels of ziprasidone. [51] [52]

Its biological half-life time is 10 hours at doses of 80–120 milligrams. [4]

History

Ziprasidone is chemically similar to risperidone, [53] of which it is a structural analogue. [54] It was first synthesized in 1987 at the Pfizer central research campus in Groton, Connecticut. [55]

Phase I trials started in 1995. [56] In 1998 ziprasidone was approved in Sweden. [57] [58] After the FDA raised concerns about long QT syndrome, more clinical trials were conducted and submitted to the FDA, which approved the drug on February 5, 2001. [56] [59] [60]

Society and culture

Lawsuit

In September 2009, the U.S. Justice Department announced that Pfizer had been ordered to pay a historic fine of $2.3 billion as a penalty for fraudulent marketing of several drugs, including Geodon. [61] Pfizer had illegally promoted Geodon and submitted false claims to government health care programs for uses that were not medically accepted indications. The civil settlement also resolves allegations that Pfizer paid kickbacks to health care providers to induce them to prescribe Geodon, as well as other drugs. This was the largest civil fraud settlement in history against a pharmaceutical company.[ citation needed ]

Brand names

In the US, Geodon is marketed by Viatris after Upjohn was spun off from Pfizer. [62] [63] [64]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antipsychotic</span> Class of medications

Antipsychotics, previously known as neuroleptics and major tranquilizers, are a class of psychotropic medication primarily used to manage psychosis, principally in schizophrenia but also in a range of other psychotic disorders. They are also the mainstay, together with mood stabilizers, in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Moreover, they are also used as adjuncts in the treatment of treatment-resistant major depressive disorder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atypical antipsychotic</span> Class of pharmaceutical drugs

The atypical antipsychotics (AAP), also known as second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) and serotonin–dopamine antagonists (SDAs), are a group of antipsychotic drugs largely introduced after the 1970s and used to treat psychiatric conditions. Some atypical antipsychotics have received regulatory approval for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, irritability in autism, and as an adjunct in major depressive disorder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quetiapine</span> Atypical antipsychotic medication

Quetiapine, sold under the brand name Seroquel among others, is an atypical antipsychotic medication used for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Despite being widely used as a sleep aid due to its tranquillizing effects, the benefits of such use may not outweigh the risk of undesirable side effects. It is taken orally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Olanzapine</span> Atypical antipsychotic medication

Olanzapine, sold under the brand name Zyprexa among others, is an atypical antipsychotic primarily used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It is also sometimes used off-label for treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and as an appetite stimulant. For schizophrenia, it can be used for both new-onset disease and long-term maintenance. It is taken by mouth or by injection into a muscle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aripiprazole</span> Atypical antipsychotic

Aripiprazole, sold under the brand names Abilify and Aristada, among others, is an atypical antipsychotic. It is primarily used in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; other uses include as an add-on treatment in major depressive disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), tic disorders, and irritability associated with autism. Aripiprazole is taken by mouth or via injection into a muscle. A Cochrane review found low-quality evidence of effectiveness in treating schizophrenia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Azapirone</span> Drug class of psycotropic drugs

Azapirones are a class of drugs used as anxiolytics, antidepressants, and antipsychotics. They are commonly used as add-ons to other antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dopamine antagonist</span> Drug which blocks dopamine receptors

A dopamine antagonist, also known as an anti-dopaminergic and a dopamine receptor antagonist (DRA), is a type of drug which blocks dopamine receptors by receptor antagonism. Most antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, and as such they have found use in treating schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and stimulant psychosis. Several other dopamine antagonists are antiemetics used in the treatment of nausea and vomiting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amisulpride</span> Atypical antipsychotic and antiemetic medication

Amisulpride, sold under the brand names Solian and Barhemsys, is a medication used in the treatment of schizophrenia, acute psychotic episodes, depression, and nausea and vomiting. It is specifically used at lower doses intravenously to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting; at low doses by mouth to treat depression; and at higher doses by mouth to treat psychosis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asenapine</span> Medication to treat schizophrenia

Asenapine, sold under the brand name Saphris among others, is an atypical antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia and acute mania associated with bipolar disorder as well as the medium to long-term management of bipolar disorder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Molindone</span> Antipsychotic medication

Molindone, sold under the brand name Moban, is an antipsychotic medication which is used in the United States in the treatment of schizophrenia. It is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iloperidone</span> Atypical antipsychotic medication

Iloperidone, commonly known as Fanapt and previously known as Zomaril, is an atypical antipsychotic for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nemonapride</span> Antipsychotic medication

Nemonapride, also previously known as emonapride and sold under the brand name Emilace, is an atypical antipsychotic which is used in the treatment of schizophrenia. It is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Perospirone</span> Atypical antipsychotic medication

Perospirone (Lullan) is an atypical antipsychotic of the azapirone family. It was introduced in Japan by Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma in 2001 for the treatment of schizophrenia and acute cases of bipolar mania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blonanserin</span> Atypical antipsychotic

Blonanserin, sold under the brand name Lonasen, is a relatively new atypical antipsychotic commercialized by Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma in Japan and Korea for the treatment of schizophrenia. Relative to many other antipsychotics, blonanserin has an improved tolerability profile, lacking side effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms, excessive sedation, or hypotension. As with many second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics it is significantly more efficacious in the treatment of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia compared to first-generation (typical) antipsychotics such as haloperidol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lurasidone</span> Atypical antipsychotic medication

Lurasidone, sold under the brand name Latuda among others, is an antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar depression. It is taken by mouth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cariprazine</span> Atypical antipsychotic medicine

Cariprazine, sold under the brand name Vraylar among others, is an atypical antipsychotic developed by Gedeon Richter, which is used in the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar mania, bipolar depression, and major depressive disorder. It acts primarily as a D3 and D2 receptor partial agonist, with a preference for the D3 receptor. Cariprazine is also a partial agonist at the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor and acts as an antagonist at 5-HT2B and 5-HT2A receptors, with high selectivity for the D3 receptor. It is taken by mouth. The most prevalent side effects include nausea, mild sedation, fatigue, and dizziness. At higher dosages, there is an increased risk for restlessness, insomnia, and tremors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">F-15063</span> Chemical compound

F-15,063 is an orally active potential antipsychotic, and an antagonist at the D2/D3 receptors, partial agonist at the D4 receptor, and agonist at the 5-HT1A receptors. It has greater efficacy at the 5-HT1A receptors than other antipsychotics, such as clozapine, aripiprazole, and ziprasidone. This greater efficacy may lead to enhanced antipsychotic properties, as antipsychotics that lack 5-HT1A affinity are associated with increased risk of extrapyramidal symptoms, and lack of activity against the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brexpiprazole</span> Atypical antipsychotic

Brexpiprazole, sold under the brand name Rexulti among others, is an atypical antipsychotic medication used for the treatment of major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and agitation associated with dementia due to Alzheimer's disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brilaroxazine</span> Experimental atypical antipsycotic

Brilaroxazine, also known as oxaripiprazole, is an investigational atypical antipsychotic which is under development by Reviva Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of neuropsychiatric and inflammatory disorders. It has currently completed the first of two phase III clinical trials for schizophrenia. Reviva Pharmaceuticals also intends to investigate brilaroxazine for the treatment of bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), irritability in autism, tics, psychosis/agitation associated with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease psychosis, as well as the inflammatory disorders pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and psoriasis. The FDA granted brilaroxazine orphan drug designation for the treatment of PAH and IPF.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aripiprazole lauroxil</span> Chemical compound

Aripiprazole lauroxil, sold under the brand name Aristada, is a long-acting injectable atypical antipsychotic that was developed by Alkermes. It is an N-acyloxymethyl prodrug of aripiprazole that is administered via intramuscular injection once every four to eight weeks for the treatment of schizophrenia. Aripiprazole lauroxil was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on 5 October 2015.

References

  1. ↑ Anvisa (March 31, 2023). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published April 4, 2023). Archived from the original on August 3, 2023. Retrieved August 16, 2023.
  2. ↑ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA . Retrieved October 22, 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 Mattei C, Rapagnani MP, Stahl SM (February 2011). "Ziprasidone hydrocloride: what role in the management of schizophrenia?". Journal of Central Nervous System Disease. 3: 1–16. doi:10.4137/JCNSD.S4138. PMC   3663608 . PMID   23861634.
  4. 1 2 Nicolson SE, Nemeroff CB (December 2007). "Ziprasidone in the treatment of mania in bipolar disorder". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 3 (6): 823–834. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S794 . PMC   2656324 . PMID   19300617.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "Ziprasidone Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
  6. 1 2 3 "Product Information: Zeldox IM (ziprasidone mesilate)". Australia Therapeutic Goods Administration. February 24, 2016.
  7. 1 2 3 "Product Information: Zeldox (ziprasidone hydrochloride)". Australia Therapeutic Goods Administration. February 24, 2016.
  8. 1 2 FDA Psychopharmacological Drugs Advisory Committee (July 19, 2000). "Briefing Document for Zeldoz Capsules" (PDF). FDA.
  9. ↑ "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
  10. ↑ "Ziprasidone - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
  11. ↑ "Pfizer to pay $2.3 billion to resolve criminal and civil health care liability relating to fraudulent marketing and the payment of kickbacks". Stop Medicare Fraud, US Dept of Health & Human Svc, and of US Dept of Justice. Archived from the original on August 30, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
  12. ↑ Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, Mavridis D, Orey D, Richter F, et al. (September 2013). "Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis". Lancet. 382 (9896): 951–962. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60733-3. PMID   23810019. S2CID   32085212.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  13. ↑ Citrome L, Yang R, Glue P, Karayal ON (June 2009). "Effect of ziprasidone dose on all-cause discontinuation rates in acute schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: a post-hoc analysis of 4 fixed-dose randomized clinical trials". Schizophrenia Research. 111 (1–3): 39–45. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.03.009. PMID   19375893. S2CID   34910599.
  14. 1 2 3 4 "Geodon Prescribing Information" (PDF). Pfizer, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 17, 2005. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
  15. ↑ Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, Mavridis D, Orey D, Richter F, et al. (September 2013). "Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis". Lancet. 382 (9896): 951–962. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60733-3. PMID   23810019. S2CID   32085212.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  16. ↑ Baldassano CF, Ballas C, Datto SM, Kim D, Littman L, O'Reardon J, et al. (February 2003). "Ziprasidone-associated mania: a case series and review of the mechanism". Bipolar Disorders. 5 (1): 72–75. doi:10.1034/j.1399-5618.2003.02258.x. PMID   12656943.
  17. ↑ Keating AM, Aoun SL, Dean CE (2005). "Ziprasidone-associated mania: a review and report of 2 additional cases". Clinical Neuropharmacology. 28 (2): 83–86. doi:10.1097/01.wnf.0000159952.64640.28. PMID   15795551.
  18. ↑ Davis R, Risch SC (April 2002). "Ziprasidone induction of hypomania in depression?". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (4): 673–674. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.673. PMID   11925314.
  19. ↑ Tschoner A, Engl J, Rettenbacher M, Edlinger M, Kaser S, Tatarczyk T, et al. (January 2009). "Effects of six second generation antipsychotics on body weight and metabolism - risk assessment and results from a prospective study". Pharmacopsychiatry. 42 (1): 29–34. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1100425. PMID   19153944. S2CID   43803033.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  20. ↑ Guo JJ, Keck PE, Corey-Lisle PK, Li H, Jiang D, Jang R, et al. (January 2007). "Risk of diabetes mellitus associated with atypical antipsychotic use among Medicaid patients with bipolar disorder: a nested case-control study". Pharmacotherapy. 27 (1): 27–35. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.453.7866 . doi:10.1592/phco.27.1.27. PMID   17192159. S2CID   22445126.
  21. ↑ Sacher J, Mossaheb N, Spindelegger C, Klein N, Geiss-Granadia T, Sauermann R, et al. (June 2008). "Effects of olanzapine and ziprasidone on glucose tolerance in healthy volunteers". Neuropsychopharmacology. 33 (7): 1633–1641. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301541 . PMID   17712347.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  22. ↑ Newcomer JW (2005). "Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics and metabolic effects: a comprehensive literature review". CNS Drugs. 19 (Suppl 1): 1–93. doi:10.2165/00023210-200519001-00001. PMID   15998156. S2CID   36435377.
  23. ↑ "FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA reporting mental health drug ziprasidone (Geodon) associated with rare but potentially fatal skin reactions". FDA. December 11, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
  24. ↑ Joint Formulary Committee B, ed. (March 2009). "4.2.1". British National Formulary (57 ed.). United Kingdom: Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. p. 192. ISBN   978-0-85369-845-6. Withdrawal of antipsychotic drugs after long-term therapy should always be gradual and closely monitored to avoid the risk of acute withdrawal syndromes or rapid relapse.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 Haddad P, Dursun S, Deakin B (2004). Adverse Syndromes and Psychiatric Drugs: A Clinical Guide. OUP Oxford. pp. 207–216. ISBN   9780198527480.
  26. ↑ Moncrieff J (July 2006). "Does antipsychotic withdrawal provoke psychosis? Review of the literature on rapid onset psychosis (supersensitivity psychosis) and withdrawal-related relapse". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 114 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00787.x. PMID   16774655. S2CID   6267180.
  27. ↑ Sacchetti E, Vita A, Siracusano A, Fleischhacker W (2013). Adherence to Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 85. ISBN   9788847026797.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Schmidt AW, Lebel LA, Howard HR, Zorn SH (August 2001). "Ziprasidone: a novel antipsychotic agent with a unique human receptor binding profile". European Journal of Pharmacology. 425 (3): 197–201. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01188-8. PMID   11513838.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Schotte A, Janssen PF, Gommeren W, Luyten WH, Van Gompel P, Lesage AS, et al. (March 1996). "Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding". Psychopharmacology. 124 (1–2): 57–73. doi:10.1007/bf02245606. PMID   8935801. S2CID   12028979.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kroeze WK, Hufeisen SJ, Popadak BA, Renock SM, Steinberg S, Ernsberger P, et al. (March 2003). "H1-histamine receptor affinity predicts short-term weight gain for typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs". Neuropsychopharmacology. 28 (3): 519–526. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300027 . PMID   12629531.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  32. ↑ Graham JM, Coughenour LL, Barr BM, Rock DL, Nikam SS (January 2008). "1-Aminoindanes as novel motif with potential atypical antipsychotic properties". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 18 (2): 489–493. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.11.106. PMID   18160289.
  33. 1 2 3 Seeman P, Tallerico T (March 1998). "Antipsychotic drugs which elicit little or no parkinsonism bind more loosely than dopamine to brain D2 receptors, yet occupy high levels of these receptors". Molecular Psychiatry. 3 (2): 123–134. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000336. PMID   9577836. S2CID   16484752.
  34. 1 2 Arnt J, Skarsfeldt T (February 1998). "Do novel antipsychotics have similar pharmacological characteristics? A review of the evidence". Neuropsychopharmacology. 18 (2): 63–101. doi: 10.1016/S0893-133X(97)00112-7 . PMID   9430133.
  35. ↑ Newman-Tancredi A, Audinot V, Chaput C, Verrièle L, Millan MJ (July 1997). "[35S]Guanosine-5'-O-(3-thio)triphosphate binding as a measure of efficacy at human recombinant dopamine D4.4 receptors: actions of antiparkinsonian and antipsychotic agents". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 282 (1): 181–191. PMID   9223553.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 Bymaster FP, Felder CC, Tzavara E, Nomikos GG, Calligaro DO, Mckinzie DL (October 2003). "Muscarinic mechanisms of antipsychotic atypicality". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 27 (7): 1125–1143. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.09.008. PMID   14642972. S2CID   28536368.
  37. ↑ Kongsamut S, Kang J, Chen XL, Roehr J, Rampe D (August 2002). "A comparison of the receptor binding and HERG channel affinities for a series of antipsychotic drugs". European Journal of Pharmacology. 450 (1): 37–41. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02074-5. PMID   12176106.
  38. ↑ Seeger TF, Seymour PA, Schmidt AW, Zorn SH, Schulz DW, Lebel LA, et al. (October 1995). "Ziprasidone (CP-88,059): a new antipsychotic with combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 275 (1): 101–113. PMID   7562537.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  39. ↑ Brunton L (2011). Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 12th Edition. China: McGraw-Hill. pp. 406–410. ISBN   978-0-07-162442-8.
  40. 1 2 Akiskal HS, Tohen M (June 24, 2011). Bipolar Psychopharmacotherapy: Caring for the Patient. John Wiley & Sons. p. 209. ISBN   978-1-119-95664-8 . Retrieved May 13, 2012.
  41. ↑ Nemeroff CB, Lieberman JA, Weiden PJ, Harvey PD, Newcomer JW, Schatzberg AF, et al. (November 2005). "From clinical research to clinical practice: a 4-year review of ziprasidone". CNS Spectrums. 10 (11 Suppl 17): 1–20. doi:10.1017/S1092852900019842. PMID   16381088. S2CID   26738197.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  42. ↑ Tatsumi M, Jansen K, Blakely RD, Richelson E (March 1999). "Pharmacological profile of neuroleptics at human monoamine transporters". European Journal of Pharmacology. 368 (2–3): 277–283. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(99)00005-9. PMID   10193665.
  43. ↑ Lüllmann H, Mohr K (2006). Pharmakologie und Toxikologie: Arzneimittelwirkungen verstehen- Medikamente gezielt einsetzen; ein Lehrbuch für Studierende der Medizin, der Pharmazie und der Biowissenschaften, eine Informationsquelle für Ärzte, Apotheker und Gesundheitspolitiker. Georg Thieme Verlag. ISBN   978-3-13-368516-0 . Retrieved May 13, 2012.
  44. ↑ Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB (February 10, 2006). Essentials of Clinical Psychopharmacology. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 297. ISBN   978-1-58562-243-6 . Retrieved May 13, 2012.
  45. ↑ Bantick RA, Rabiner EA, Hirani E, de Vries MH, Hume SP, Grasby PM (May 2004). "Occupancy of agonist drugs at the 5-HT1A receptor". Neuropsychopharmacology. 29 (5): 847–859. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300390 . PMID   14985704. S2CID   11509050.
  46. ↑ Monti JM (March 2010). "Serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonists in the treatment of insomnia: present status and future prospects". Drugs of Today. 46 (3): 183–193. doi:10.1358/dot.2010.46.3.1437247. PMID   20467592.
  47. ↑ Salmi P, Ahlenius S (April 2000). "Sedative effects of the dopamine D1 receptor agonist A 68930 on rat open-field behavior". NeuroReport. 11 (6): 1269–1272. doi:10.1097/00001756-200004270-00025. PMID   10817605. S2CID   35263421.
  48. ↑ "Ziprasidone (Professional Patient Advice)". Drugs.com. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  49. ↑ Miceli JJ, Glue P, Alderman J, Wilner K (2007). "The effect of food on the absorption of oral ziprasidone". Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 40 (3): 58–68. PMID   18007569.
  50. ↑ Sandson NB, Armstrong SC, Cozza KL (2005). "An overview of psychotropic drug-drug interactions". Psychosomatics. 46 (5): 464–494. doi: 10.1176/appi.psy.46.5.464 . PMID   16145193. S2CID   21838792.
  51. ↑ Miceli JJ, Anziano RJ, Robarge L, Hansen RA, Laurent A (2000). "The effect of carbamazepine on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of ziprasidone in healthy volunteers". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 49 (Suppl 1): 65S–70S. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.2000.00157.x. PMC   2015057 . PMID   10771457.
  52. ↑ Miceli JJ, Smith M, Robarge L, Morse T, Laurent A (2000). "The effects of ketoconazole on ziprasidone pharmacokinetics--a placebo-controlled crossover study in healthy volunteers". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 49 (Suppl 1): 71S–76S. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.2000.00156.x. PMC   2015056 . PMID   10771458.
  53. ↑ Lemke TL, Williams DA (January 24, 2012). Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN   9781609133450.
  54. ↑ Farah A (2005). "Atypicality of atypical antipsychotics". Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 7 (6): 268–274. doi:10.4088/pcc.v07n0602. PMC   1324958 . PMID   16498489.
  55. ↑ Newcomer JW, Fallucco EM (2009). "Ziprasidone". In Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB (eds.). The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of psychopharmacology (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Pub. p. 641. ISBN   9781585623099.
  56. 1 2 "Approval Package For: Application Number 20-919" (PDF). FDA Center For Drug Evaluation And Research. May 26, 1998.
  57. ↑ "First Approval For Pfizer's Zeldoxs". The Pharma Letter. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
  58. ↑ "Pfizer's Zeldox approvable in USA – Pharmaceutical industry news". The Pharma Letter. September 13, 2000. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
  59. ↑ PsychoPharmacological Drugs Advisory Committee (July 19, 2000). "FDA Background On ZeldoxTM (ziprasidone hydrochloride capsules) Pfizer, Inc" (PDF). Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2007.
  60. ↑ "Pfizer to Launch Zeldox in 9 European Union Countries Beginning Next Month". Pfizer Inc. Retrieved October 16, 2016– via prnewswire.com.
  61. ↑ "Justice Department Announces Largest Health Care Fraud Settlement in Its History". justice.gov. September 2, 2009. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  62. ↑ "Pfizer Completes Transaction to Combine Its Upjohn Business with Mylan". Pfizer. November 16, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2024– via Business Wire.
  63. ↑ "Geodon". Pfizer. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  64. ↑ "Brands". Viatris. November 16, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.