Pipofezine, sold under the brand name Azafen or Azaphen, is a tricyclic antidepressant approved in Russia for the treatment of depression.[1][2][3][4] It was introduced in the late 1960s and is still used today.[5][6]
Dopaminergic means "related to dopamine" (literally, "working on dopamine"), dopamine being a common neurotransmitter. Dopaminergic substances or actions increase dopamine-related activity in the brain. Dopaminergic brain pathways facilitate dopamine-related activity. For example, certain proteins such as the dopamine transporter (DAT), vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), and dopamine receptors can be classified as dopaminergic, and neurons that synthesize or contain dopamine and synapses with dopamine receptors in them may also be labeled as dopaminergic. Enzymes that regulate the biosynthesis or metabolism of dopamine such as aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase or DOPA decarboxylase, monoamine oxidase (MAO), and catechol O-methyl transferase (COMT) may be referred to as dopaminergic as well. Also, any endogenous or exogenous chemical substance that acts to affect dopamine receptors or dopamine release through indirect actions (for example, on neurons that synapse onto neurons that release dopamine or express dopamine receptors) can also be said to have dopaminergic effects, two prominent examples being opioids, which enhance dopamine release indirectly in the reward pathways, and some substituted amphetamines, which enhance dopamine release directly by binding to and inhibiting VMAT2.
Butriptyline, sold under the brand name Evadyne among others, is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) that has been used in the United Kingdom and several other European countries for the treatment of depression but appears to no longer be marketed. Along with trimipramine, iprindole, and amoxapine, it has been described as an "atypical" or "second-generation" TCA due to its relatively late introduction and atypical pharmacology. It was very little-used compared to other TCAs, with the number of prescriptions dispensed only in the thousands.
Melitracen is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), for the treatment of depression and anxiety. In addition to single drug preparations, it is also available as Deanxit, marketed by Lundbeck, a combination product containing both melitracen and flupentixol.
Mesocarb is a drug that is currently being developed for Parkinson's disease.
Calcium pangamate is a mineral supplement. It is sometimes used as a synonym for pangamic acid.
Periciazine (INN), also known as pericyazine (BAN) or propericiazine, is a drug that belongs to the phenothiazine class of typical antipsychotics.
Bromantane, sold under the brand name Ladasten, is an atypical psychostimulant and anxiolytic drug of the adamantane family related to amantadine and memantine which is used in Russia in the treatment of neurasthenia. Although the effects of the bromantane have been determined to be dependent on the dopaminergic and possibly serotonergic neurotransmitter systems, its exact mechanism of action is unknown, and it is distinct in its properties relative to typical psychostimulants such as amphetamine. Because of its unique aspects, bromantane has sometimes been described instead as an actoprotector.
Oxaflozane (INN) (brand name Conflictan) is an antidepressant and anxiolytic drug that was introduced by Solvay in France in 1982 for the treatment of depression but has since been discontinued. It is a prodrug of flumexadol (N-dealkyloxaflozane; 2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)morpholine; CERM-1841 or 1841-CERM), which is reported to act as an agonist of the serotonin 5-HT1A (pKi = 7.1) and 5-HT2C (pKi = 7.5) receptors and, to a much lesser extent, of the 5-HT2A (pKi = 6.0) receptor. In addition to its serotonergic properties, oxaflozane may also produce anticholinergic side effects at high doses, namely in overdose.
Quinupramine is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) used in Europe for the treatment of depression.
Fabomotizole is an anxiolytic drug launched in Russia in the early 2000s. It produces anxiolytic and neuroprotective effects without any sedative or muscle relaxant actions. Its mechanism of action remains poorly defined however, with GABAergic, NGF- and BDNF-release-promoting, MT1 receptor agonism, MT3 receptor antagonism, and sigma agonism suggested as potential mechanisms. Fabomotizole was shown to inhibit MAO-A reversibly and there might be also some involvement with serotonin receptors. Clinical trials have shown fabomotizole to be well tolerated and reasonably effective for the treatment of anxiety.
Selank is a nootropic, anxiolytic peptide based drug developed by the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Selank is a heptapeptide with the sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro (TKPRPGP). It is a synthetic analogue of human tuftsin.
Imipraminoxide, or imipramine N-oxide, is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) that was introduced in Europe in the 1960s for the treatment of depression.
Echinopsidine (Adepren) is an antidepressant that was under development in Bulgaria for the treatment of depression. It increases serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels in the brain and is believed to act as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). Echinopsidine is found naturally in Echinops echinatus along with the related alkaloids echinopsine and echinozolinone.
Gevotroline (WY-47,384) is an atypical antipsychotic with a tricyclic structure which was under development for the treatment of schizophrenia by Wyeth-Ayerst. It acts as a balanced, modest affinity D2 and 5-HT2 receptor antagonist and also possesses high affinity for the sigma receptor. It was well tolerated and showed efficacy in phase II clinical trials but was never marketed.
Benzobarbital (Benzonal) is a barbiturate derivative. It has anticonvulsant effects and has been used for the treatment of epilepsy.
Clocapramine, also known as 3-chlorocarpipramine, is an atypical antipsychotic of the iminostilbene class which was introduced in Japan in 1974 by Yoshitomi for the treatment of schizophrenia. In addition to psychosis, clocapramine has also been used to augment antidepressants in the treatment of anxiety and panic.
Semax is a drug which is used mostly in Russia for a broad range of conditions but predominantly for its purported nootropic, neuroprotective, and neurorestorative properties. Semax has not been evaluated, approved for use, or marketed in most other countries. It is prescribed in eastern Europe and Russia for brain trauma.
Temgicoluril, also known as tetramethylglycoluril and sold under the brand names Adaptol and Mebicar, is an anxiolytic medication produced by Latvian pharmaceutical company Olainfarm and sold in Latvia and Russia.
Ipidacrine (Neiromidin) is a drug first synthesized by the National Research Center for Biologically Active Compounds in the Russian Federation. This compound is a modification of the older drug tacrine (Cognex).
Prospekta is a nootropic drug reported to act on the S100 proteins. It was developed by the company Materia Medica and approved in Russia for the treatment of ADHD in 2022. It was also studied for vascular dementia.
References
↑ Aleeva GN, Molodavkin GM, Voronina TA (July 2009). "Comparison of antidepressant effects of azafan, tianeptine, and paroxetine". Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 148 (1): 54–56. doi:10.1007/s10517-009-0638-4. PMID19902096. S2CID23923093.
↑ Mashkovskii MD, Polezhaeva AI, Avrutskii GI, Vertozgadova OP, Smulevich AB (1969). "[The pharmacologic properties and therapeutic effectiveness of the new antidepressant preparation Azaphen]". Zhurnal Nevropatologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova (in Russian). 69 (8): 1234–1238. PMID5392529.
↑ Shinaev NN, Akzhigitov RG (2005). "[Azaphen: a return to clinical practice]". Zhurnal Nevrologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova (in Russian). 105 (10): 55–56. PMID16281382.
↑ Avdulov NA, Maĭsov NI (November 1981). "[Atypical antidepressants: effect on synaptosomal uptake of serotonin and GABA]". Biulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii I Meditsiny (in Russian). 92 (11): 564–566. PMID7198493.
↑ Valdman AV, Avdulov NA, Rozganets VV, Rusacov DY (1983). "Behavioural and neurochemical studies of the action of atypical antidepressants". Acta Physiologica et Pharmacologica Bulgarica. 9 (3): 3–10. PMID6142583.
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