3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), sometimes referred to as “sass,” is an empathogen-entactogen, stimulant, and psychedelic drug of the amphetamine family that is encountered mainly as a recreational drug. In its pharmacology, MDA is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). In most countries, the drug is a controlled substance and its possession and sale are illegal.
Ketanserin, sold under the brand name Sufrexal, is an antihypertensive agent which is used to treat arterial hypertension and vasospastic disorders. It is also used in scientific research as an antiserotonergic agent in the study of the serotonin system; specifically, the 5-HT2 receptor family. The drug is taken by mouth.
Tenofovir disoproxil, sold under the brand name Viread among others, is a medication used to treat chronic hepatitis B and to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS. It is generally recommended for use with other antiretrovirals. It may be used for prevention of HIV/AIDS among those at high risk before exposure, and after a needlestick injury or other potential exposure. It is sold both by itself and together in combinations such as emtricitabine/tenofovir, efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir, and elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir. It does not cure HIV/AIDS or hepatitis B. It is available by mouth as a tablet or powder.
Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), commonly called Triple E or sleeping sickness, is a disease caused by a zoonotic mosquito-vectored Togavirus that is present in North, Central, and South America, and the Caribbean. EEE was first recognized in Massachusetts, United States, in 1831, when 75 horses died mysteriously of viral encephalitis. Epizootics of EEE in horses have continued to occur regularly in the United States. It can also be identified in donkeys and zebras. Rarely, it can also infect humans. Due to the rarity of the disease, its occurrence can cause economic impact beyond the cost of horses and poultry. EEE is found today in the eastern part of the United States and is often associated with coastal plains. It can most commonly be found in East Coast and Gulf Coast states. In Florida, about one to two human cases are reported a year, although over 60 cases of equine encephalitis are reported. In years in which conditions are favorable for the disease, the number of equine cases is over 200. Diagnosing equine encephalitis is challenging because many of the symptoms are shared with other illnesses and patients can be asymptomatic. Confirmations may require a sample of cerebrospinal fluid or brain tissue, although CT scans and MRI scans are used to detect encephalitis. This could be an indication that the need to test for EEE is necessary. If a biopsy of the cerebrospinal fluid is taken, it is sent to a specialized laboratory for testing.
Alphavirus is a genus of RNA viruses, the sole genus in the Togaviridae family. Alphaviruses belong to group IV of the Baltimore classification of viruses, with a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. There are 32 alphavirus species, which infect various vertebrates such as humans, rodents, fish, birds, and larger mammals such as horses, as well as invertebrates. Alphaviruses that can infect both vertebrates and arthropods are referred dual-host alphaviruses, while insect-specific alphaviruses such as Eilat virus and Yada yada virus are restricted to their competent arthropod vector. Transmission between species and their vertebrate hosts occurs mainly via mosquitoes, making the alphaviruses a member of the collection of arboviruses – or arthropod-borne viruses. Alphavirus particles are enveloped, have a 70 nm diameter, tend to be spherical, and have a 40 nm isometric nucleocapsid.
Ritanserin, also known by its developmental code name R-55667, is a serotonin antagonist medication described as an anxiolytic, antidepressant, antiparkinsonian agent, and antihypertensive agent. It was chiefly investigated as a drug to treat insomnia, especially to enhance sleep quality by significantly increasing slow wave sleep by virtue of potent and concomitant 5HT2a and 5HT2c antagonism
Econazole is an antifungal medication of the imidazole class.
Vanoxerine is an investigational drug which is being evaluated for the treatment of heart arrhythmias and cocaine dependence. Vanoxerine is a piperazine derivative which has multiple pharmacological activities including acting as an dopamine reuptake inhibitor, serotonin transporter inhibitor, and as a blocker of the cardiac hERG repolarizing potassium channel (IKr).
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is a mosquito-borne viral pathogen that causes Venezuelan equine encephalitis or encephalomyelitis (VEE). VEE can affect all equine species, such as horses, donkeys, and zebras. After infection, equines may suddenly die or show progressive central nervous system disorders. Humans also can contract this disease. Healthy adults who become infected by the virus may experience flu-like symptoms, such as high fevers and headaches. People with weakened immune systems and the young and the elderly can become severely ill or die from this disease.
Phenoperidine, is an opioid analgesic which is structurally related to pethidine and is used clinically as a general anesthetic.
Lorcainide is a Class 1c antiarrhythmic agent that is used to help restore normal heart rhythm and conduction in patients with premature ventricular contractions, ventricular tachycardiac and Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome. Lorcainide was developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica (Belgium) in 1968 under the commercial name Remivox and is designated by code numbers R-15889 or Ro 13-1042/001. It has a half-life of 8.9 +- 2.3 hrs which may be prolonged to 66 hrs in people with cardiac disease.
Trifluperidol is a typical antipsychotic of the butyrophenone chemical class. It has general properties similar to those of haloperidol, but is considerably more potent by weight, and causes relatively more severe side effects, especially tardive dyskinesia and other extrapyramidal effects. It is used in the treatment of psychoses including mania and schizophrenia. It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1959.
Bromperidol, sold under the brand names Bromidol and Impromen among others, is a typical antipsychotic of the butyrophenone group which is used in the treatment of schizophrenia. It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1966. An ester prodrug, bromperidol decanoate, is a long-acting form of bromperidol used as a depot injectable.
Azaperone is a pyridinylpiperazine and butyrophenone neuroleptic drug with sedative and antiemetic effects, which is used mainly as a tranquilizer in veterinary medicine. It is uncommonly used in humans as an antipsychotic drug.
Oxypertine, sold under the brand name Oxypertine among others, is an antipsychotic medication of the tryptamine and phenylpiperazine groups which was previously used in the treatment of schizophrenia but is no longer marketed. It was also evaluated for the treatment of anxiety.
JNJ-26990990 is a broad-spectrum anticonvulsant drug currently under development by Janssen Pharmaceutica as a second-generation follow-up to the marketed drug topiramate. It was designed to have the same anticonvulsant effects as topiramate, but without the side effects associated with topiramate's carbonic anhydrase inhibition. It also has potential use in the treatment of inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, and depression.
Ocaperidone is a benzisoxazole antipsychotic. It was initially developed by Janssen, later licensed to French laboratory Neuro3D and then acquired in 2007 by German company Evotec. It was found to be more potent than risperidone in animal studies, but its testing was abandoned in 2010 after unfavorable results in human Phase II trials, as while it was effective at controlling symptoms of schizophrenia, ocaperidone produced an unacceptable amount of extrapyramidal side effects.
Alpertine is a drug described as an antipsychotic, neuroleptic, and tranqulizer which was never marketed.
Milipertine is a drug described as an antipsychotic, neuroleptic, and tranquilizer which was under development for the treatment of schizophrenia but was never marketed.
Solypertine, also known as solypertine tartrate in the case of the tartrate salt, is a drug described as an antiadrenergic and as also potentially possessing neuroleptic properties which was never marketed.
↑ DE 2714437,Vandenberk J, Kennis LE, Van der Aa MJ, Van Heertum AH,"Piperazin- und Piperidinderivate, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und Arzneipräparate [Piperazine and piperide derivatives, procedures for their manufacturing and medicinal preparations]",published 1977-10-20, assigned to Janssen Pharmaceutica
↑ US 4250176,Vandenberk J, Kennis LE, Van der Aa MJ, Van Heertum AH,issued 10 February 1981, assigned to Janssen Pharmaceutica NV.
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