Constitutive androstane receptor

NR1I3
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1XVP, 1XV9
Identifiers
Aliases	NR1I3 , CAR, CAR1, MB67, nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3
External IDs	OMIM: 603881 MGI: 1346307 HomoloGene: 3759 GeneCards: NR1I3
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 1 (human) [1] Band 1q23.3 Start 161,229,666 bp [1] End 161,238,244 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 1 (mouse) [2] Band 1 H3|1 79.21 cM Start 171,041,539 bp [2] End 171,048,270 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in right lobe of liver nucleus accumbens kidney caudate nucleus gastrocnemius muscle putamen prefrontal cortex ganglionic eminence bone marrow cells left ventricle Top expressed in left lobe of liver duodenum gallbladder entorhinal cortex jejunum urethra male urethra morula mirror pharynx More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function DNA binding sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific transcription coactivator activity zinc ion binding metal ion binding steroid hormone receptor activity nuclear receptor activity DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific transcription cis-regulatory region binding transcription factor binding nuclear receptor coactivator activity signaling receptor activity Cellular component cytoplasm cytosol nucleoplasm cytoskeleton nucleus RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex Biological process regulation of transcription, DNA-templated transcription, DNA-templated transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated signal transduction positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway androgen receptor signaling pathway intracellular receptor signaling pathway multicellular organism development cell differentiation Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 9970 12355 Ensembl ENSG00000143257 ENSMUSG00000005677 UniProt Q14994 Q6GZ81 O35627 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001077469 NM_001077470 NM_001077471 NM_001077472 NM_001077473 NM_001077474 NM_001077475 NM_001077476 NM_001077477 NM_001077478 NM_001077479 NM_001077480 NM_001077481 NM_001077482 NM_005122 NM_001243062 NM_001243063 NM_009803 RefSeq (protein) NP_001070937 NP_001070938 NP_001070939 NP_001070940 NP_001070941 NP_001070942 NP_001070943 NP_001070944 NP_001070945 NP_001070946 NP_001070947 NP_001070948 NP_001070949 NP_001070950 NP_005113 NP_001229991 NP_001229992 NP_033933 Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 161.23 – 161.24 Mb Chr 1: 171.04 – 171.05 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
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The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) also known as nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR1I3 gene. ^[5] CAR is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and along with pregnane X receptor (PXR) functions as a sensor of endobiotic and xenobiotic substances. In response, expression of proteins responsible for the metabolism and excretion of these substances is upregulated. ^[6] Hence, CAR and PXR play a major role in the detoxification of foreign substances such as drugs.

Androstenol and several isomers of androstanol, androstanes, are endogenous antagonists of the CAR, and despite acting as antagonists, were the basis for the naming of this receptor. ^[7] More recently, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), also an androstane, has been found to be an endogenous agonist of the CAR. ^[8]

Function

CAR is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, and is a key regulator of xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism. Unlike most nuclear receptors, this transcriptional regulator is constitutively active in the absence of ligand and is regulated by both agonists and inverse agonists. Ligand binding results in translocation of CAR from the cytosol into the nucleus, where the protein can bind to specific DNA sites, called response elements. Binding occurs both as a monomer and together with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) resulting in activation or repression of target gene transcription. CAR-regulated genes are involved in drug metabolism and bilirubin clearance. Examples for CAR-regulated genes are members of the CYP2B, CYP2C, and CYP3A subfamilies, sulfotransferases, and glutathione-S-transferases. ^[9] Ligands binding to CAR include bilirubin, a variety of foreign compounds, steroid hormones, and prescription drugs. ^[10]

Activation mechanism

Phosphorylated CAR forms a multiprotein complex with the heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) and the cytoplasmic CAR retention protein (CCRP) which keep CAR in the cytosol thereby inactivating it. ^[11] CAR can be activated in two ways: by direct binding of a ligand (e.g. TCPOBOP) or indirect regulation by phenobarbital (PB), a common seizure medication, facilitating the dephosphorylation of CAR through protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) (Fig. 1). ^[12]

Both lead to the release of CAR from the multiprotein complex and its translocation into the nucleus. Here, CAR forms a heterodimer with retinoid X receptor (RXR) and interacts with the phenobarbital-responsive enhancer module (PBREM), a distal enhancer activating transcription of CAR target genes. ^[13]

The consensus sequence of PBREM, containing direct repeat-4 motifs, was found to be conserved in mouse, rat and human 'Cyp2b' genes. ^{[14] [15] [16]}

Direct activation

1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP) is thought to bind directly to mouse CAR, thus inducing its translocation into the nucleus. ^[17] TCPOBOP does not bind to human CAR and hence has no effect on it. Human CAR can be activated by CITCO (6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo(2,1-b)(1,3)thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime). ^[18]

Indirect activation

Figure 1 - Activation mechanisms of CAR: Inactivated CAR is retained in the cytosol. Upon binding of TCPOBOP, CAR gets dephosphorylated by PP2A and translocates into the nucleus. Here, it forms a complex with RXR and binds to the PB-responsive enhancer module. Another possibility to activate CAR is the indirect activation through PB. PB binds competitively to EGFR, thus inducing the dephosphorylation of RACK-1. RACK-1 then stimulates PP2A to dephosphorylate CAR, which is then translocated into the nucleus.

Phenobarbital (PB), a widely used anticonvulsant, is used as a model ligand for indirect CAR activation. PB activates CAR, by inducing the dephosphorylation of CAR through PP2A. How PP2A is activated remains unclear, but several different mechanisms have been proposed. ^{[19] [20]} The recruitment of PP2A has been shown to be mediated by the multiprotein complex. As PB is involved in the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, it has been suggested that AMPK activates PP2A. ^[21]

Alternatively, PP2A might be activated through another pathway including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1). In the absence of PB, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) binds to EGFR, thereby activating the steroid receptor coactivator-1 (Src1), which in turn phosphorylates RACK1. Upon PB-exposure, PB binds competitively to EGFR and thus leads to inactivation of Src1. This results in a dephosphorylation of RACK1, which can subsequently stimulate PP2A to activate CAR. ^[20]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000143257 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000005677 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Baes M, Gulick T, Choi HS, Martinoli MG, Simha D, Moore DD (Mar 1994). "A new orphan member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that interacts with a subset of retinoic acid response elements". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 14 (3): 1544–52. doi:10.1128/mcb.14.3.1544. PMC   358513 . PMID   8114692.
6. Wada T, Gao J, Xie W (Aug 2009). "PXR and CAR in energy metabolism". Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 20 (6): 273–9. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2009.03.003. PMID   19595610. S2CID   25764831.
7. Nicholas A. Meanwell (8 December 2014). Tactics in Contemporary Drug Design. Springer. pp. 182–. ISBN   978-3-642-55041-6.
8. Kohalmy K, Tamási V, Kóbori L, Sárváry E, Pascussi JM, Porrogi P, Rozman D, Prough RA, Meyer UA, Monostory K (2007). "Dehydroepiandrosterone induces human CYP2B6 through the constitutive androstane receptor". Drug Metab. Dispos. 35 (9): 1495–501. doi:10.1124/dmd.107.016303. PMC   2423426 . PMID   17591676.
9. Ueda A, Hamadeh HK, Webb HK, Yamamoto Y, Sueyoshi T, Afshari CA, Lehmann JM, Negishi M (Jan 2002). "Diverse roles of the nuclear orphan receptor CAR in regulating hepatic genes in response to phenobarbital". Molecular Pharmacology. 61 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1124/mol.61.1.1. PMID   11752199. S2CID   20184152.
10. "Entrez Gene: NR1I3 nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3".
11. Kodama S, Negishi M (2006). "Phenobarbital confers its diverse effects by activating the orphan nuclear receptor car". Drug Metabolism Reviews. 38 (1–2): 75–87. doi:10.1080/03602530600569851. PMID   16684649. S2CID   43824300.
12. Men, Shuaiqian; Wang, Hongbing (2023). "Phenobarbital in Nuclear Receptor Activation: An Update". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 51 (2): 210–218. doi:10.1124/dmd.122.000859. ISSN   0090-9556. PMC   9900862 . PMID   36351837.
13. Kawamoto T, Sueyoshi T, Zelko I, Moore R, Washburn K, Negishi M (Sep 1999). "Phenobarbital-responsive nuclear translocation of the receptor CAR in induction of the CYP2B gene". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 19 (9): 6318–22. doi:10.1128/mcb.19.9.6318. PMC   84602 . PMID   10454578.
14. Honkakoski P, Moore R, Washburn KA, Negishi M (Apr 1998). "Activation by diverse xenochemicals of the 51-base pair phenobarbital-responsive enhancer module in the CYP2B10 gene". Molecular Pharmacology. 53 (4): 597–601. doi:10.1124/mol.53.4.597. PMID   9547348. S2CID   38390000.
15. Sueyoshi T, Kawamoto T, Zelko I, Honkakoski P, Negishi M (Mar 1999). "The repressed nuclear receptor CAR responds to phenobarbital in activating the human CYP2B6 gene". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (10): 6043–6. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.10.6043 . PMID   10037683.
16. Mäkinen J, Frank C, Jyrkkärinne J, Gynther J, Carlberg C, Honkakoski P (Aug 2002). "Modulation of mouse and human phenobarbital-responsive enhancer module by nuclear receptors". Molecular Pharmacology. 62 (2): 366–78. doi:10.1124/mol.62.2.366. PMID   12130690.
17. Tzameli I, Pissios P, Schuetz EG, Moore DD (May 2000). "The xenobiotic compound 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene is an agonist ligand for the nuclear receptor CAR". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 20 (9): 2951–8. doi:10.1128/MCB.20.9.2951-2958.2000. PMC   85552 . PMID   10757780.
18. Maglich JM, Parks DJ, Moore LB, Collins JL, Goodwin B, Billin AN, Stoltz CA, Kliewer SA, Lambert MH, Willson TM, Moore JT (May 2003). "Identification of a novel human constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) agonist and its use in the identification of CAR target genes". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (19): 17277–83. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M300138200 . PMID   12611900.
19. Yoshinari K, Kobayashi K, Moore R, Kawamoto T, Negishi M (Jul 2003). "Identification of the nuclear receptor CAR:HSP90 complex in mouse liver and recruitment of protein phosphatase 2A in response to phenobarbital". FEBS Letters. 548 (1–3): 17–20. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00720-8. PMID   12885400. S2CID   24859426.
20. Mutoh S, Sobhany M, Moore R, Perera L, Pedersen L, Sueyoshi T, Negishi M (May 2013). "Phenobarbital indirectly activates the constitutive active androstane receptor (CAR) by inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling". Science Signaling. 6 (274): ra31. doi:10.1126/scisignal.2003705. PMC   5573139 . PMID   23652203.
21. Rencurel F, Stenhouse A, Hawley SA, Friedberg T, Hardie DG, Sutherland C, Wolf CR (Feb 2005). "AMP-activated protein kinase mediates phenobarbital induction of CYP2B gene expression in hepatocytes and a newly derived human hepatoma cell line". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (6): 4367–73. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M412711200 . PMID   15572372.

Further reading

• Masuno M, Shimozawa N, Suzuki Y, Kondo N, Orii T, Tsukamoto T, Osumi T, Fujiki Y, Imaizumi K, Kuroki Y (Mar 1994). "Assignment of the human peroxisome assembly factor-1 gene (PXMP3) responsible for Zellweger syndrome to chromosome 8q21.1 by fluorescence in situ hybridization". Genomics. 20 (1): 141–2. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1144. PMID   8020947.
• Choi HS, Seol W, Moore DD (Jan 1996). "A component of the 26S proteasome binds on orphan member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 56 (1-6 Spec No): 23–30. doi:10.1016/0960-0760(95)00220-0. PMID   8603043. S2CID   46464350.
• Seol W, Choi HS, Moore DD (May 1996). "An orphan nuclear hormone receptor that lacks a DNA binding domain and heterodimerizes with other receptors". Science. 272 (5266): 1336–9. Bibcode:1996Sci...272.1336S. doi:10.1126/science.272.5266.1336. PMID   8650544. S2CID   32853062.
• Choi HS, Chung M, Tzameli I, Simha D, Lee YK, Seol W, Moore DD (Sep 1997). "Differential transactivation by two isoforms of the orphan nuclear hormone receptor CAR". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (38): 23565–71. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.38.23565 . PMID   9295294.
• Seol W, Hanstein B, Brown M, Moore DD (Oct 1998). "Inhibition of estrogen receptor action by the orphan receptor SHP (short heterodimer partner)". Molecular Endocrinology. 12 (10): 1551–7. doi: 10.1210/mend.12.10.0184 . PMID   9773978.
• Forman BM, Tzameli I, Choi HS, Chen J, Simha D, Seol W, Evans RM, Moore DD (Oct 1998). "Androstane metabolites bind to and deactivate the nuclear receptor CAR-beta". Nature. 395 (6702): 612–5. Bibcode:1998Natur.395..612F. doi:10.1038/26996. PMID   9783588. S2CID   4387623.
• Gonzalez MM, Carlberg C (May 2002). "Cross-repression, a functional consequence of the physical interaction of non-liganded nuclear receptors and POU domain transcription factors". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (21): 18501–9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M200205200 . PMID   11891224.
• Min G, Kim H, Bae Y, Petz L, Kemper JK (Sep 2002). "Inhibitory cross-talk between estrogen receptor (ER) and constitutively activated androstane receptor (CAR). CAR inhibits ER-mediated signaling pathway by squelching p160 coactivators". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (37): 34626–33. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M205239200 . PMID   12114525.
• Goodwin B, Hodgson E, D'Costa DJ, Robertson GR, Liddle C (Aug 2002). "Transcriptional regulation of the human CYP3A4 gene by the constitutive androstane receptor". Molecular Pharmacology. 62 (2): 359–65. doi:10.1124/mol.62.2.359. PMID   12130689.
• Ferguson SS, LeCluyse EL, Negishi M, Goldstein JA (Sep 2002). "Regulation of human CYP2C9 by the constitutive androstane receptor: discovery of a new distal binding site". Molecular Pharmacology. 62 (3): 737–46. doi:10.1124/mol.62.3.737. PMID   12181452. S2CID   25093374.
• Zhang J, Huang W, Chua SS, Wei P, Moore DD (Oct 2002). "Modulation of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by the xenobiotic receptor CAR". Science. 298 (5592): 422–4. doi:10.1126/science.1073502. PMID   12376703. S2CID   26269068.
• Chang TK, Bandiera SM, Chen J (Jan 2003). "Constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor gene expression in human liver: interindividual variability and correlation with CYP2B6 mRNA levels". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 31 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1124/dmd.31.1.7. PMID   12485946. S2CID   42133087.
• Pascussi JM, Busson-Le Coniat M, Maurel P, Vilarem MJ (Jan 2003). "Transcriptional analysis of the orphan nuclear receptor constitutive androstane receptor (NR1I3) gene promoter: identification of a distal glucocorticoid response element". Molecular Endocrinology. 17 (1): 42–55. doi: 10.1210/me.2002-0244 . PMID   12511605.
• Shiraki T, Sakai N, Kanaya E, Jingami H (Mar 2003). "Activation of orphan nuclear constitutive androstane receptor requires subnuclear targeting by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha. A possible link between xenobiotic response and nutritional state". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (13): 11344–50. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M212859200 . PMID   12551939.
• Maglich JM, Parks DJ, Moore LB, Collins JL, Goodwin B, Billin AN, Stoltz CA, Kliewer SA, Lambert MH, Willson TM, Moore JT (May 2003). "Identification of a novel human constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) agonist and its use in the identification of CAR target genes". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (19): 17277–83. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M300138200 . PMID   12611900.
• Xie W, Yeuh MF, Radominska-Pandya A, Saini SP, Negishi Y, Bottroff BS, Cabrera GY, Tukey RH, Evans RM (Apr 2003). "Control of steroid, heme, and carcinogen metabolism by nuclear pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (7): 4150–5. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.4150X. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0438010100 . PMC   153063 . PMID   12644700.
• Huang W, Zhang J, Chua SS, Qatanani M, Han Y, Granata R, Moore DD (Apr 2003). "Induction of bilirubin clearance by the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (7): 4156–61. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.4156H. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0630614100 . PMC   153064 . PMID   12644704.
• Auerbach SS, Ramsden R, Stoner MA, Verlinde C, Hassett C, Omiecinski CJ (Jun 2003). "Alternatively spliced isoforms of the human constitutive androstane receptor". Nucleic Acids Research. 31 (12): 3194–207. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg419. PMC   162252 . PMID   12799447.

External links

• constitutive+androstane+receptor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.