Transcription factor II D

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Transcription factor II D (TFIID) is one of several general transcription factors that make up the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex. RNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein-coding genes in living cells. It consists of RNA polymerase II, a subset of general transcription factors, and regulatory proteins known as SRB proteins. Before the start of transcription, the transcription Factor II D (TFIID) complex binds to the core promoter DNA of the gene through specific recognition of promoter sequence motifs, including the TATA box, Initiator, Downstream Promoter, Motif Ten, or Downstream Regulatory elements. [1]

Contents

Functions

Structure

TFIID is itself composed of TBP and several subunits called TATA-binding protein Associated Factors (TBP-associated factors, or TAFs). In a test tube, only TBP is necessary for transcription at promoters that contain a TATA box. [2] TAFs, however, add promoter selectivity, especially if there is no TATA box sequence for TBP to bind to. [1] TAFs are included in two distinct complexes, TFIID [3] and B-TFIID. [4] The TFIID complex is composed of TBP and more than eight TAFs. But, the majority of TBP is present in the B-TFIID complex, which is composed of TBP and TAFII170 (BTAF1) in a 1:1 ratio. [5] TFIID and B-TFIID are not equivalent, since transcription reactions utilizing TFIID are responsive to gene specific transcription factors such as SP1, while reactions reconstituted with B-TFIID are not. [5]

Subunits in the TFIID complex include: [2]

See also

Related Research Articles

In molecular biology, the TATA box is a sequence of DNA found in the core promoter region of genes in archaea and eukaryotes. The bacterial homolog of the TATA box is called the Pribnow box which has a shorter consensus sequence.

Transcription preinitiation complex Complex of proteins necessary for gene transcription in eukaryotes and archaea

The preinitiation complex is a complex of approximately 100 proteins that is necessary for the transcription of protein-coding genes in eukaryotes and archaea. The preinitiation complex positions RNA polymerase II at gene transcription start sites, denatures the DNA, and positions the DNA in the RNA polymerase II active site for transcription.

General transcription factor Class of protein transcription factors

General transcription factors (GTFs), also known as basal transcriptional factors, are a class of protein transcription factors that bind to specific sites (promoter) on DNA to activate transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA. GTFs, RNA polymerase, and the mediator constitute the basic transcriptional apparatus that first bind to the promoter, then start transcription. GTFs are also intimately involved in the process of gene regulation, and most are required for life.

TATA-binding protein Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

The TATA-binding protein (TBP) is a general transcription factor that binds specifically to a DNA sequence called the TATA box. This DNA sequence is found about 30 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site in some eukaryotic gene promoters.

Transcription factor TFIIA is a nuclear protein involved in the RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription of DNA. TFIIA is one of several general (basal) transcription factors (GTFs) that are required for all transcription events that use RNA polymerase II. Other GTFs include TFIID, a complex composed of the TATA binding protein TBP and TBP-associated factors (TAFs), as well as the factors TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH. Together, these factors are responsible for promoter recognition and the formation of a transcription preinitiation complex (PIC) capable of initiating RNA synthesis from a DNA template.

TAF6

Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF6 gene.

TAF7

Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 7 also known as TAFII55 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF7 gene.

TAF9 Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

TAF9 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 32kDa, also known as TAF9, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF9 gene.

TAF12 Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF12 gene.

TAF4

Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF4 gene.

TAF2 Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF2 gene.

TAF10

Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF10 gene.

TAF5

Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF5 gene.

TAF11

Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 11 also known as TAFII28, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF11 gene.

TAF15

TATA-binding protein-associated factor 2N is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF15 gene.

BTAF1 Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

TATA-binding protein-associated factor 172 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BTAF1 gene.

TAF13 Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF13 gene.

TAF9B Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 9B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF9B gene.

RNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein-coding genes in living cells. It consists of RNA polymerase II, a subset of general transcription factors, and regulatory proteins known as SRB proteins.

TBP-associated factor Protein domains

The TBP-associated factors (TAF) are proteins that associate with the TATA-binding protein in transcription initiation. It is a part of the transcription initiation factor TFIID multimeric protein complex. It also makes up many other factors, including SL1. They mediate the formation of the transcription preinitiation complex, a step preceding transcription of DNA to RNA by RNA polymerase II.

References

  1. 1 2 Louder, RK; He, Y; López-Blanco, JR; Fang, J; Chacón, P; Nogales, E (2016). "Structure of promoter-bound TFIID and model of human pre-initiation complex assembly". Nature. 531 (7596): 604–609. Bibcode:2016Natur.531..604L. doi:10.1038/nature17394. PMC   4856295 . PMID   27007846.
  2. 1 2 Lee, Tong Ihn; Young, Richard A. (2000). "Transcription of eukaryotic protein-coding genes". Annu. Rev. Genet. 34: 77–137. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.34.1.77. PMID   11092823.
  3. ↑ Dynlacht, Brian David; Hoey, Timothy; Tjian, Robert (Aug 1991). "Isolation of co-activators associated with the TATA-binding protein that mediate transcriptional activation". Cell. 66 (3): 563–576. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(81)90019-2. PMID   1907890. S2CID   5000858.
  4. ↑ "NCBI Entrez GeneID: 9044 BTAF1 BTAF1 RNA polymerase II, B-TFIID transcription factor-associated, 170 kDa (Mot1 homolog, S. cerevisiae)".
  5. 1 2 Timmers, H.; Meyers, RE; Sharp, PA (Sep 1992). "Composition of transcription factor B-TFIID". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89 (17): 8140–4. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.8140T. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.17.8140 . PMC   49872 . PMID   1387711.
  6. ↑ Duttke, SH (March 2015). "Evolution and diversification of the basal transcription machinery". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 40 (3): 127–9. doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2015.01.005. PMC   4410091 . PMID   25661246.


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