TAF9

TAF9
Identifiers
Aliases	TAF9 , MGC:5067, STAF31/32, TAF2G, TAFII-31, TAFII-32, TAFII31, TAFII32, TAFIID32, TATA-box binding protein associated factor 9
External IDs	OMIM: 600822 MGI: 1888697 HomoloGene: 39986 GeneCards: TAF9
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 5 (human) [1] Band 5q13.2 Start 69,362,026 bp [1] End 69,370,013 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 13 (mouse) [2] Band 13|13 D1 Start 100,788,087 bp [2] End 100,792,568 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in islet of Langerhans rectum superior frontal gyrus prefrontal cortex monocyte dorsolateral prefrontal cortex bone marrow Brodmann area 9 pituitary gland stromal cell of endometrium Top expressed in spermatid spermatocyte testicle secondary oocyte mesencephalon neural tube ureter urethra female urethra bone marrow More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function DNA binding ATPase binding transcription coactivator activity p53 binding C2H2 zinc finger domain binding histone acetyltransferase activity protein binding protein heterodimerization activity transcription factor binding RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor activity Cellular component transcription factor TFTC complex pre-snoRNP complex transcription factor TFIID complex MLL1 complex SAGA complex nucleus nucleoplasm Biological process response to interleukin-1 regulation of transcription, DNA-templated negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator protein stabilization negative regulation of apoptotic process transcription by RNA polymerase II transcription, DNA-templated cellular response to DNA damage stimulus positive regulation of response to cytokine stimulus box C/D snoRNP assembly positive regulation of cell growth histone H3 acetylation DNA-templated transcription, initiation negative regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex assembly Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 6880 108143 Ensembl ENSG00000273841 ENSG00000276463 ENSMUSG00000052293 UniProt Q16594 Q8VI33 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_003187 NM_001015892 NM_001015889 NM_027139 RefSeq (protein) NP_001015892 NP_003178 NP_001015889 NP_081415 Location (UCSC) Chr 5: 69.36 – 69.37 Mb Chr 13: 100.79 – 100.79 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

TAF9 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 32kDa, also known as TAF9, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF9 gene. ^{[5] [6]}

Function

Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein complex that coordinates these activities is transcription factor IID (TFIID), which binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly, serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex, and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. TFIID is composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as TBP-associated factors or TAFs. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factors (GTFs) to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. This gene encodes one of the smaller subunits of TFIID that binds to the basal transcription factor GTF2B as well as to several transcriptional activators such as p53 and VP16. A similar but distinct gene (TAF9B) has been found on the X chromosome and a pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 19. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. ^[5]

Structure

The 17-amino-acid-long trans-activating domains (TAD) of several transcription factors were reported to bind directly to TAF9: p53, VP16, HSF1, NF-IL6, NFAT1, NF-κB, and ALL1/MLL1. ^[7] Inside of these 17 amino acids, a unique Nine-amino-acid transactivation domain (9aaTAD) was identified for each reported transcription factor. ^[8] 9aaTAD is a novel domain common to a large superfamily of eukaryotic transcription factors represented by Gal4, Oaf1, Leu3, Rtg3, Pho4, Gln4, Gcn4 in yeast and by p53, NFAT, NF-κB and VP16 in mammals. ^[9] TAF9 is supposed to be a universal transactivation cofactor for 9aaTAD transcription factors. ^[8]

Interactions

TAF9 has been shown to interact with:

• GCN5L2, ^[10]
• Myc, ^[11]
• SF3B3, ^[10]
• SUPT7L, ^[10]
• TADA3L, ^[10]
• TAF5, ^{[10] [12]}
• TAF6L, ^[10]
• TAF10, ^[10]
• TAF12, ^[10]
• TAF5L, ^[10]
• TATA binding protein, ^{[10] [13]}
• Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog, ^[10] and
• Transformation/transcription domain-associated protein. ^[10]

References

1. ENSG00000276463 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000273841, ENSG00000276463 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000052293 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. "Entrez Gene: TAF9 TAF9 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 32kDa".
6. Evans SC, Foster CJ, El-Naggar AK, Lozano G (April 1999). "Mapping and mutational analysis of the human TAF2G gene encoding a p53 cofactor". Genomics. 57 (1): 182–3. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5745. PMID   10191103.
7. Uesugi M, Nyanguile O, Lu H, Levine AJ, Verdine GL (August 1997). "Induced alpha helix in the VP16 activation domain upon binding to a human TAF". Science. 277 (5330): 1310–3. doi:10.1126/science.277.5330.1310. PMID   9271577.Uesugi M, Verdine GL (December 1999). "The alpha-helical FXXPhiPhi motif in p53: TAF interaction and discrimination by MDM2". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (26): 14801–6. Bibcode:1999PNAS...9614801U. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.26.14801 . PMC   24728 . PMID   10611293.Choi Y, Asada S, Uesugi M (May 2000). "Divergent hTAFII31-binding motifs hidden in activation domains". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (21): 15912–6. doi: 10.1074/jbc.275.21.15912 . PMID   10821850.Venot C, Maratrat M, Sierra V, Conseiller E, Debussche L (April 1999). "Definition of a p53 transactivation function-deficient mutant and characterization of two independent p53 transactivation subdomains". Oncogene. 18 (14): 2405–10. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202539 . PMID   10327062.Lin J, Chen J, Elenbaas B, Levine AJ (May 1994). "Several hydrophobic amino acids in the p53 amino-terminal domain are required for transcriptional activation, binding to mdm-2 and the adenovirus 5 E1B 55-kD protein". Genes Dev. 8 (10): 1235–46. doi: 10.1101/gad.8.10.1235 . PMID   7926727.
8. Piskacek S, Gregor M, Nemethova M, Grabner M, Kovarik P, Piskacek M (June 2007). "Nine-amino-acid transactivation domain: establishment and prediction utilities". Genomics. 89 (6): 756–68. doi: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.02.003 . PMID   17467953.
9. The prediction for 9aa TADs (for both acidic and hydrophilic transactivation domains) is available online from National EMBnet-Node Austria ( "9aaTAD Prediction Webtool". EMBnet AUSTRIA. Archived from the original on 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2009-01-10.)
10. Martinez E, Palhan VB, Tjernberg A, Lymar ES, Gamper AM, Kundu TK, Chait BT, Roeder RG (Oct 2001). "Human STAGA complex is a chromatin-acetylating transcription coactivator that interacts with pre-mRNA splicing and DNA damage-binding factors in vivo". Mol. Cell. Biol. 21 (20): 6782–95. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.20.6782-6795.2001. PMC   99856 . PMID   11564863.
11. Liu X, Tesfai J, Evrard YA, Dent SY, Martinez E (May 2003). "c-Myc transformation domain recruits the human STAGA complex and requires TRRAP and GCN5 acetylase activity for transcription activation". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (22): 20405–12. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M211795200 . PMC   4031917 . PMID   12660246.
12. Tao Y, Guermah M, Martinez E, Oelgeschläger T, Hasegawa S, Takada R, Yamamoto T, Horikoshi M, Roeder RG (Mar 1997). "Specific interactions and potential functions of human TAFII100". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (10): 6714–21. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.10.6714 . PMID   9045704.
13. Bellorini M, Lee DK, Dantonel JC, Zemzoumi K, Roeder RG, Tora L, Mantovani R (Jun 1997). "CCAAT binding NF-Y-TBP interactions: NF-YB and NF-YC require short domains adjacent to their histone fold motifs for association with TBP basic residues". Nucleic Acids Res. 25 (11): 2174–81. doi:10.1093/nar/25.11.2174. PMC   146709 . PMID   9153318.

Further reading

• Klemm RD, Goodrich JA, Zhou S, Tjian R (1995). "Molecular cloning and expression of the 32-kDa subunit of human TFIID reveals interactions with VP16 and TFIIB that mediate transcriptional activation". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (13): 5788–92. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.5788K. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.13.5788 . PMC   41586 . PMID   7597030.
• Hisatake K, Ohta T, Takada R, Guermah M, Horikoshi M, Nakatani Y, Roeder RG (1995). "Evolutionary conservation of human TATA-binding-polypeptide-associated factors TAFII31 and TAFII80 and interactions of TAFII80 with other TAFs and with general transcription factors". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (18): 8195–9. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.8195H. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.18.8195 . PMC   41123 . PMID   7667268.
• Lu H, Levine AJ (1995). "Human TAFII31 protein is a transcriptional coactivator of the p53 protein". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (11): 5154–8. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.5154L. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.11.5154 . PMC   41867 . PMID   7761466.
• Thut CJ, Chen JL, Klemm R, Tjian R (1995). "p53 transcriptional activation mediated by coactivators TAFII40 and TAFII60". Science. 267 (5194): 100–4. doi:10.1126/science.7809597. PMID   7809597.
• Zhou Q, Sharp PA (1995). "Novel mechanism and factor for regulation by HIV-1 Tat". EMBO J. 14 (2): 321–8. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07006.x. PMC   398086 . PMID   7835343.
• Parada CA, Yoon JB, Roeder RG (1995). "A novel LBP-1-mediated restriction of HIV-1 transcription at the level of elongation in vitro". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (5): 2274–83. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.5.2274 . PMID   7836461.
• Ou SH, Garcia-Martínez LF, Paulssen EJ, Gaynor RB (1994). "Role of flanking E box motifs in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TATA element function". J. Virol. 68 (11): 7188–99. doi:10.1128/JVI.68.11.7188-7199.1994. PMC   237158 . PMID   7933101.
• Kashanchi F, Piras G, Radonovich MF, Duvall JF, Fattaey A, Chiang CM, Roeder RG, Brady JN (1994). "Direct interaction of human TFIID with the HIV-1 transactivator tat". Nature. 367 (6460): 295–9. Bibcode:1994Natur.367..295K. doi:10.1038/367295a0. PMID   8121496. S2CID   4362048.
• Adams MD, Soares MB, Kerlavage AR, Fields C, Venter JC (1993). "Rapid cDNA sequencing (expressed sequence tags) from a directionally cloned human infant brain cDNA library". Nat. Genet. 4 (4): 373–80. doi:10.1038/ng0893-373. PMID   8401585. S2CID   12612300.
• Wang Z, Morris GF, Rice AP, Xiong W, Morris CB (1996). "Wild-type and transactivation-defective mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein bind human TATA-binding protein in vitro". J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 12 (2): 128–38. doi: 10.1097/00042560-199606010-00005 . PMID   8680883.
• Pendergrast PS, Morrison D, Tansey WP, Hernandez N (1996). "Mutations in the carboxy-terminal domain of TBP affect the synthesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 full-length and short transcripts similarly". J. Virol. 70 (8): 5025–34. doi:10.1128/JVI.70.8.5025-5034.1996. PMC   190456 . PMID   8764009.
• Kashanchi F, Khleif SN, Duvall JF, Sadaie MR, Radonovich MF, Cho M, Martin MA, Chen SY, Weinmann R, Brady JN (1996). "Interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat with a unique site of TFIID inhibits negative cofactor Dr1 and stabilizes the TFIID-TFIIA complex". J. Virol. 70 (8): 5503–10. doi:10.1128/JVI.70.8.5503-5510.1996. PMC   190508 . PMID   8764062.
• Zhou Q, Sharp PA (1996). "Tat-SF1: cofactor for stimulation of transcriptional elongation by HIV-1 Tat". Science. 274 (5287): 605–10. Bibcode:1996Sci...274..605Z. doi:10.1126/science.274.5287.605. PMID   8849451. S2CID   13266489.
• Tao Y, Guermah M, Martinez E, Oelgeschläger T, Hasegawa S, Takada R, Yamamoto T, Horikoshi M, Roeder RG (1997). "Specific interactions and potential functions of human TAFII100". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (10): 6714–21. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.10.6714 . PMID   9045704.
• García-Martínez LF, Ivanov D, Gaynor RB (1997). "Association of Tat with purified HIV-1 and HIV-2 transcription preinitiation complexes". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (11): 6951–8. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.11.6951 . PMID   9054383.
• Ogryzko VV, Kotani T, Zhang X, Schiltz RL, Howard T, Yang XJ, Howard BH, Qin J, Nakatani Y (1998). "Histone-like TAFs within the PCAF histone acetylase complex". Cell. 94 (1): 35–44. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81219-2 . PMID   9674425. S2CID   18942972.
• Vassilev A, Yamauchi J, Kotani T, Prives C, Avantaggiati ML, Qin J, Nakatani Y (1999). "The 400 kDa subunit of the PCAF histone acetylase complex belongs to the ATM superfamily". Mol. Cell. 2 (6): 869–75. doi: 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80301-9 . PMID   9885574.
• Evans SC, Foster CJ, El-Naggar AK, Lozano G (1999). "Mapping and mutational analysis of the human TAF2G gene encoding a p53 cofactor". Genomics. 57 (1): 182–3. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5745. PMID   10191103.
• Lai CH, Chou CY, Ch'ang LY, Liu CS, Lin W (2000). "Identification of novel human genes evolutionarily conserved in Caenorhabditis elegans by comparative proteomics". Genome Res. 10 (5): 703–13. doi:10.1101/gr.10.5.703. PMC   310876 . PMID   10810093.
• Choi Y, Asada S, Uesugi M (2000). "Divergent hTAFII31-binding motifs hidden in activation domains". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (21): 15912–6. doi: 10.1074/jbc.275.21.15912 . PMID   10821850.