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The preinitiation complex is a complex of approximately 100 proteins that is necessary for the transcription of protein-coding genes in eukaryotes and archaea. The preinitiation complex positions RNA polymerase II at gene transcription start sites, denatures the DNA, and positions the DNA in the RNA polymerase II active site for transcription.
Robert G. Roeder is an American biochemist. He is known as a pioneer scientist in eukaryotic transcription. He discovered three distinct nuclear RNA polymerases in 1969 and characterized many proteins involved in the regulation of transcription, including basic transcription factors and the first mammalian gene-specific activator over five decades of research. He is the recipient of the Gairdner Foundation International Award in 2000, the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 2003, and the Kyoto Prize in 2021. He currently serves as Arnold and Mabel Beckman Professor and Head of the Laboratory of Biochemical and Molecular Biology at The Rockefeller University.
General transcription factors (GTFs), also known as basal transcriptional factors, are a class of protein transcription factors that bind to specific sites (promoter) on DNA to activate transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA. GTFs, RNA polymerase, and the mediator constitute the basic transcriptional apparatus that first bind to the promoter, then start transcription. GTFs are also intimately involved in the process of gene regulation, and most are required for life.
The TATA-binding protein (TBP) is a general transcription factor that binds specifically to a DNA sequence called the TATA box. This DNA sequence is found about 30 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site in some eukaryotic gene promoters.
XPB is an ATP-dependent DNA helicase in humans that is a part of the TFIIH transcription factor complex.
Transcription factor II Human is an important protein complex, having roles in transcription of various protein-coding genes and DNA nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathways. TFIIH first came to light in 1989 when general transcription factor-δ or basic transcription factor 2 was characterized as an indispensable transcription factor in vitro. This factor was also isolated from yeast and finally named as TFIIH in 1992.
Transcription factor TFIIA is a nuclear protein involved in the RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription of DNA. TFIIA is one of several general (basal) transcription factors (GTFs) that are required for all transcription events that use RNA polymerase II. Other GTFs include TFIID, a complex composed of the TATA binding protein TBP and TBP-associated factors (TAFs), as well as the factors TFIIB, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH. Together, these factors are responsible for promoter recognition and the formation of a transcription preinitiation complex (PIC) capable of initiating RNA synthesis from a DNA template.
Transcription factor II F (TFIIF) is one of several general transcription factors that make up the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex.
General transcription factor IIH subunit 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GTF2H4 gene.
Transcription elongation factor A protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCEA1 gene.
Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF5 gene.
General transcription factor 3C polypeptide 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GTF3C2 gene.
General transcription factor IIH subunit 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GTF2H2 gene.
General transcription factor IIH subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GTF2H1 gene.
General transcription factor IIF subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GTF2F1 gene.
General transcription factor IIF subunit 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GTF2F2 gene.
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein-coding genes in living cells. It consists of RNA polymerase II, a subset of general transcription factors, and regulatory proteins known as SRB proteins.
General transcription factor IIE subunit 2 (GTF2E2), also known as transcription initiation factor IIE subunit beta (TFIIE-beta), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GTF2E2 gene.
General transcription factor IIE subunit 1 (GTF2E1), also known as transcription initiation factor IIE subunit alpha (TFIIE-alpha), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GTF2E1 gene.
In molecular biology, this protein domain represents Tbf5 which stands for TTDA subunit of TFIIH basal transcription factor complex, and Rex1 a type of nucleotide excision repair (NER) proteins. Nucleotide excision repair is a major pathway for repairing UV light-induced DNA damage in most organisms. The function of this protein is to aid transcription.
References
- ↑ Lewin, Benjamin (2004). Genes VIII . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 636–637. ISBN 0-13-144946-X.
- 1 2 "UniProtKB - P29083 (T2EA_HUMAN)". UniProt. Retrieved 2016-10-19.
- ↑ Ohkuma Y, Hashimoto S, Roeder RG, Horikoshi M (1992). "Identification of two large subdomains in TFIIE-alpha on the basis of homology between Xenopus and human sequences". Nucleic Acids Res. 20 (21): 5838. doi:10.1093/nar/20.21.5838. PMC 334425 . PMID 1454543.
- ↑ Heng HH, Xiao H, Shi XM, Greenblatt J, Tsui LC (1994). "Genes encoding general initiation factors for RNA polymerase II transcription are dispersed in the human genome". Hum. Mol. Genet. 3 (1): 61–4. doi:10.1093/hmg/3.1.61. PMID 8162052.
- ↑ Sumimoto H, Ohkuma Y, Sinn E, Kato H, Shimasaki S, Horikoshi M, Roeder RG (1991). "Conserved sequence motifs in the small subunit of human general transcription factor TFIIE". Nature. 354 (6352): 401–4. Bibcode:1991Natur.354..401S. doi:10.1038/354401a0. PMID 1956404. S2CID 4288495.
- ↑ Ohkuma Y, Sumimoto H, Hoffmann A, Shimasaki S, Horikoshi M, Roeder RG (December 1991). "Structural motifs and potential sigma homologies in the large subunit of human general transcription factor TFIIE". Nature. 354 (6352): 398–401. doi:10.1038/354398a0. PMID 1956403. S2CID 4325438.
- ↑ Lee TI, Young RA (2000). "Transcription of eukaryotic protein-coding genes". Annu. Rev. Genet. 34: 77–137. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.34.1.77. PMID 11092823.
