Serum response factor

SRF
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1HBX, 1K6O, 1SRS
Identifiers
Aliases	SRF , MCM1, serum response factor
External IDs	OMIM: 600589 MGI: 106658 HomoloGene: 31135 GeneCards: SRF
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 6 (human) [1] Band 6p21.1 Start 43,171,269 bp [1] End 43,181,506 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 17 (mouse) [2] Band 17|17 C Start 46,859,255 bp [2] End 46,867,101 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in left uterine tube popliteal artery right coronary artery saphenous vein gastric mucosa thoracic aorta ascending aorta left ventricle left coronary artery myometrium Top expressed in lip superior frontal gyrus skeletal muscle tissue secondary oocyte yolk sac esophagus thymus digastric muscle ankle triceps brachii muscle More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function protein dimerization activity DNA-binding transcription factor activity DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor activity primary miRNA binding transcription factor binding RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding protein homodimerization activity serum response element binding chromatin binding protein binding DNA binding sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific binding chromatin DNA binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific histone deacetylase binding RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding Cellular component cytoplasm nucleus nucleoplasm Biological process dorsal aorta morphogenesis bronchus cartilage development muscle cell cellular homeostasis lung smooth muscle development regulation of water loss via skin transcription by RNA polymerase II stress fiber assembly cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis platelet activation cardiac myofibril assembly heart looping cellular senescence face development regulation of cell adhesion long-term depression neuron projection development morphogenesis of an epithelial sheet positive regulation of filopodium assembly primitive streak formation cellular response to glucose stimulus negative regulation of cell population proliferation response to cytokine regulation of transcription, DNA-templated heart trabecula formation actin filament organization thymus development angiogenesis involved in wound healing platelet formation neuron development in utero embryonic development transcription, DNA-templated positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated heart development positive regulation of cell differentiation branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis positive regulation of axon extension positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction trachea cartilage development response to toxic substance positive regulation of pri-miRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation of transcription by glucose regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation epithelial structure maintenance associative learning skin morphogenesis positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity epithelial cell-cell adhesion neuron migration positive regulation of transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter eyelid development in camera-type eye thyroid gland development negative regulation of amyloid-beta clearance negative regulation of cell migration developmental growth hematopoietic stem cell differentiation gastrulation trophectodermal cell differentiation positive thymic T cell selection response to hormone cell-matrix adhesion sarcomere organization actin cytoskeleton organization megakaryocyte development response to hypoxia lung morphogenesis mesoderm formation cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II multicellular organism development tangential migration from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb long-term memory contractile actin filament bundle assembly bicellular tight junction assembly leukocyte differentiation hippocampus development positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II erythrocyte development negative regulation of pri-miRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II forebrain development cell-cell adhesion Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 6722 20807 Ensembl ENSG00000112658 ENSMUSG00000015605 UniProt P11831 Q9JM73 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_003131 NM_001292001 NM_020493 RefSeq (protein) NP_001278930 NP_003122 NP_003122.1 NP_065239 Location (UCSC) Chr 6: 43.17 – 43.18 Mb Chr 17: 46.86 – 46.87 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
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Serum response factor, also known as SRF, is a transcription factor protein. ^[5]

Function

Serum response factor is a member of the MADS (MCM1, Agamous, Deficiens, and SRF) box superfamily of transcription factors. ^[6] This protein binds to the serum response element (SRE) in the promoter region of target genes. This protein regulates the activity of many immediate early genes, for example c-fos, and thereby participates in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, cell growth, and cell differentiation. This gene is the downstream target of many pathways; for example, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK) that acts through the ternary complex factors (TCFs). ^{[7] [8]}

SRF is important during the development of the embryo, as it has been linked to the formation of mesoderm. ^{[9] [10]} In the fully developed mammal, SRF is crucial for the growth of skeletal muscle. ^[11] Interaction of SRF with other proteins, such as steroid hormone receptors, may contribute to regulation of muscle growth by steroids. ^[12] Interaction of SRF with other proteins such as myocardin or Elk-1 may enhance or suppress expression of genes important for growth of vascular smooth muscle.

Clinical significance

Lack of skin SRF is associated with psoriasis and other skin diseases. ^[13]

Interactions

Serum response factor has been shown to interact with:

• ASCC3, ^[14]
• ATF6, ^[15]
• CEBPB, ^{[16] [17]}
• CREB-binding protein, ^[18]
• ELK4, ^{[15] [19]}
• GATA4, ^{[20] [21]}
• GTF2F1, ^{[22] [23]}
• GTF2I, ^{[24] [25]}
• Myogenin, ^{[26] [27]}
• NFYA, ^[28]
• Nuclear receptor co-repressor 2, ^[29]
• Promyelocytic leukemia protein ^[18] and
• Src, ^[30] and
• TEAD1. ^[31]

See also

• MKL1
• Nuclear actin functions

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000112658 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000015605 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Norman C, Runswick M, Pollock R, Treisman R (December 1988). "Isolation and properties of cDNA clones encoding SRF, a transcription factor that binds to the c-fos serum response element". Cell. 55 (6): 989–1003. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(88)90244-9. PMID   3203386. S2CID   20004673.
6. Shore P, Sharrocks AD (April 1995). "The MADS-box family of transcription factors". Eur. J. Biochem. 229 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.0001l.x. PMID   7744019.
7. Dalton S, Marais R, Wynne J, Treisman R (June 1993). "Isolation and characterization of SRF accessory proteins". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 340 (1293): 325–32. Bibcode:1993RSPTB.340..325D. doi:10.1098/rstb.1993.0074. PMID   8103935.
8. "SRF serum response factor". Entrez Gene. National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health.
9. Sepulveda JL, Vlahopoulos S, Iyer D, Belaguli N, Schwartz RJ (July 2002). "Combinatorial expression of GATA4, Nkx2-5, and serum response factor directs early cardiac gene activity". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (28): 25775–82. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M203122200 . PMID   11983708.
10. Barron MR, Belaguli NS, Zhang SX, Trinh M, Iyer D, Merlo X, Lough JW, Parmacek MS, Bruneau BG, Schwartz RJ (March 2005). "Serum response factor, an enriched cardiac mesoderm obligatory factor, is a downstream gene target for Tbx genes". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (12): 11816–28. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M412408200 . PMID   15591049.
11. Li S, Czubryt MP, McAnally J, Bassel-Duby R, Richardson JA, Wiebel FF, Nordheim A, Olson EN (January 2005). "Requirement for serum response factor for skeletal muscle growth and maturation revealed by tissue-specific gene deletion in mice". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (4): 1082–7. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.1082L. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0409103102 . PMC   545866 . PMID   15647354.
12. Vlahopoulos S, Zimmer WE, Jenster G, Belaguli NS, Balk SP, Brinkmann AO, Lanz RB, Zoumpourlis VC, Schwartz RJ (March 2005). "Recruitment of the androgen receptor via serum response factor facilitates expression of a myogenic gene". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (9): 7786–92. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M413992200 . PMID   15623502.
13. Koegel H, von Tobel L, Schäfer M, Alberti S, Kremmer E, Mauch C, Hohl D, Wang XJ, Beer HD, Bloch W, Nordheim A, Werner S (April 2009). "Loss of serum response factor in keratinocytes results in hyperproliferative skin disease in mice". J. Clin. Invest. 119 (4): 899–910. doi:10.1172/JCI37771. PMC   2662566 . PMID   19307725.
14. Jung DJ, Sung HS, Goo YW, Lee HM, Park OK, Jung SY, Lim J, Kim HJ, Lee SK, Kim TS, Lee JW, Lee YC (July 2002). "Novel transcription coactivator complex containing activating signal cointegrator 1". Mol. Cell. Biol. 22 (14): 5203–11. doi:10.1128/mcb.22.14.5203-5211.2002. PMC   139772 . PMID   12077347.
15. Zhu C, Johansen FE, Prywes R (September 1997). "Interaction of ATF6 and serum response factor". Mol. Cell. Biol. 17 (9): 4957–66. doi:10.1128/MCB.17.9.4957. PMC   232347 . PMID   9271374.
16. Hanlon M, Sealy L (May 1999). "Ras regulates the association of serum response factor and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (20): 14224–8. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.20.14224 . PMID   10318842.
17. Sealy L, Malone D, Pawlak M (March 1997). "Regulation of the cfos serum response element by C/EBPbeta". Mol. Cell. Biol. 17 (3): 1744–55. doi:10.1128/mcb.17.3.1744. PMC   231899 . PMID   9032301.
18. Matsuzaki K, Minami T, Tojo M, Honda Y, Saitoh N, Nagahiro S, Saya H, Nakao M (March 2003). "PML-nuclear bodies are involved in cellular serum response". Genes Cells. 8 (3): 275–86. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2443.2003.00632.x . PMID   12622724. S2CID   9697837.
19. Hassler M, Richmond TJ (June 2001). "The B-box dominates SAP-1-SRF interactions in the structure of the ternary complex". EMBO J. 20 (12): 3018–28. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.12.3018. PMC   150215 . PMID   11406578.
20. Belaguli NS, Sepulveda JL, Nigam V, Charron F, Nemer M, Schwartz RJ (October 2000). "Cardiac tissue enriched factors serum response factor and GATA-4 are mutual coregulators". Mol. Cell. Biol. 20 (20): 7550–8. doi:10.1128/mcb.20.20.7550-7558.2000. PMC   86307 . PMID   11003651.
21. Morin S, Paradis P, Aries A, Nemer M (February 2001). "Serum response factor-GATA ternary complex required for nuclear signaling by a G-protein-coupled receptor". Mol. Cell. Biol. 21 (4): 1036–44. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.4.1036-1044.2001. PMC   99558 . PMID   11158291.
22. Joliot V, Demma M, Prywes R (February 1995). "Interaction with RAP74 subunit of TFIIF is required for transcriptional activation by serum response factor". Nature. 373 (6515): 632–5. Bibcode:1995Natur.373..632J. doi:10.1038/373632a0. PMID   7854423. S2CID   47196160.
23. Zhu H, Joliot V, Prywes R (February 1994). "Role of transcription factor TFIIF in serum response factor-activated transcription". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (5): 3489–97. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)41889-8 . PMID   8106390.
24. Grueneberg DA, Henry RW, Brauer A, Novina CD, Cheriyath V, Roy AL, Gilman M (October 1997). "A multifunctional DNA-binding protein that promotes the formation of serum response factor/homeodomain complexes: identity to TFII-I". Genes Dev. 11 (19): 2482–93. doi:10.1101/gad.11.19.2482. PMC   316568 . PMID   9334314.
25. Kim DW, Cheriyath V, Roy AL, Cochran BH (June 1998). "TFII-I enhances activation of the c-fos promoter through interactions with upstream elements". Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 (6): 3310–20. doi:10.1128/mcb.18.6.3310. PMC   108912 . PMID   9584171.
26. Groisman R, Masutani H, Leibovitch MP, Robin P, Soudant I, Trouche D, Harel-Bellan A (March 1996). "Physical interaction between the mitogen-responsive serum response factor and myogenic basic-helix-loop-helix proteins". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (9): 5258–64. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.9.5258 . PMID   8617811.
27. Biesiada E, Hamamori Y, Kedes L, Sartorelli V (April 1999). "Myogenic basic helix-loop-helix proteins and Sp1 interact as components of a multiprotein transcriptional complex required for activity of the human cardiac alpha-actin promoter". Mol. Cell. Biol. 19 (4): 2577–84. doi:10.1128/MCB.19.4.2577. PMC   84050 . PMID   10082523.
28. Yamada K, Osawa H, Granner DK (October 1999). "Identification of proteins that interact with NF-YA". FEBS Lett. 460 (1): 41–5. doi: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01311-3 . PMID   10571058. S2CID   28576187.
29. Lee SK, Kim JH, Lee YC, Cheong J, Lee JW (April 2000). "Silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors, as a novel transcriptional corepressor molecule of activating protein-1, nuclear factor-kappaB, and serum response factor". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (17): 12470–4. doi: 10.1074/jbc.275.17.12470 . PMID   10777532.
30. Kim HJ, Kim JH, Lee JW (October 1998). "Steroid receptor coactivator-1 interacts with serum response factor and coactivates serum response element-mediated transactivations". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (44): 28564–7. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.44.28564 . PMID   9786846.
31. Gupta M, Kogut P, Davis FJ, Belaguli NS, Schwartz RJ, Gupta MP (March 2001). "Physical interaction between the MADS box of serum response factor and the TEA/ATTS DNA-binding domain of transcription enhancer factor-1". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (13): 10413–22. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M008625200 . PMID   11136726.

Further reading

• Esnault C, Stewart A, Gualdrini F, East P, Horswell S, Matthews N, Treisman R (May 2014). "Rho-actin signaling to the MRTF coactivators dominates the immediate transcriptional response to serum in fibroblasts". Genes & Development. 28 (9): 943–58. doi:10.1101/gad.239327.114. PMC   4018493 . PMID   24732378.
• Huh S, Song HR, Jeong GR, Jang H, Seo NH, Lee JH, Lee TH (Feb 2018). "Suppression of the ERK–SRF axis facilitates somatic cell reprogramming". Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 50 (2): e448. doi:10.1038/emm.2017.279. PMC   5903827 . PMID   29472703.
• Pellegrino R, Thavamani A, Calvisi DF, Budczies J, Neumann A, Geffers R, et al. (January 2021). "Serum Response Factor (SRF) Drives the Transcriptional Upregulation of the MDM4 Oncogene in HCC". Cancers. 13 (2): 199. doi: 10.3390/cancers13020199 . PMC   7829828 . PMID   33429878.
• Hu X, Wu Q, Zhang J, Kim J, Chen X, Hartman AA, et al. (January 2021). "Reprogramming progressive cells display low CAG promoter activity". Stem Cells. 39 (1): 43–54. doi:10.1002/stem.3295. PMC   7821215 . PMID   33075202.
• Kepser LJ, Khudayberdiev S, Hinojosa LS, Macchi C, Ruscica M, Marcello E, et al. (February 2021). "Cyclase-associated protein 2 (CAP2) controls MRTF-A localization and SRF activity in mouse embryonic fibroblasts". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 4789. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.4789K. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-84213-w. PMC   7910472 . PMID   33637797.

External links

• Serum+Response+Factor at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• FactorBook SRF

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine  (), which is in the public domain.