FOXC2

Last updated
FOXC2
PDB 1d5v EBI.jpg
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
Aliases FOXC2 , FKHL14, LD, MFH-1, MFH1, forkhead box C2
External IDs OMIM: 602402 MGI: 1347481 HomoloGene: 21091 GeneCards: FOXC2
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_005251

NM_013519

RefSeq (protein)

NP_005242

NP_038547

Location (UCSC) Chr 16: 86.57 – 86.57 Mb Chr 8: 121.84 – 121.85 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Forkhead box protein C2 (FOXC2) also known as forkhead-related protein FKHL14 (FKHL14), transcription factor FKH-14, or mesenchyme fork head protein 1 (MFH1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXC2 gene. [5] [6] FOXC2 is a member of the fork head box (FOX) family of transcription factors.

Contents

Structure and function

The protein is 501 amino acids in length. The gene has no introns; the single exon is approximately 1.5kb in size. [6] [7]

FOX transcription factors are expressed during development and are associated with a number of cellular and developmental differentiation processes. FOXC2 is required during early development of the kidneys, including differentiation of podocytes and maturation of the glomerular basement membrane. It is also involved in the early development of the heart. [8]

An increased expression of FOXC2 in adipocytes can increase the amount of brown adipose tissue leading to lower weight and an increased sensitivity to insulin. [9] [10]

Role in disease

Absence of FOXC2 has been shown to lead to the failure of lymphatic valves to form and problems with lymphatic remodelling. A number of mutations in the FOXC2 gene have been associated with Lymphedema–distichiasis syndrome, [11] [12] It has also been suggested that there may be a link between polymorphisms in FOXC2 and varicose veins. [12] [13]

FOXC2 is also involved in cancer metastases. In particular, expression of FOXC2 is induced when epithelial cells undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and become mesenchymal looking cells. EMT can be induced by a number of genes including Snail, Twist, Goosecoid, and TGF-beta 1. [14] Overexpression of FOXC2 has been noted in subtypes of breast cancer which are highly metastatic. [8] Suppression of FOXC2 expression using shRNA in a highly metastatic breast cancer model blocks their metastatic ability. [15]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lymphedema</span> Medical condition

Lymphedema, also known as lymphoedema and lymphatic edema, is a condition of localized swelling caused by a compromised lymphatic system. The lymphatic system functions as a critical portion of the body's immune system and returns interstitial fluid to the bloodstream.

The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell–cell adhesion, and gain migratory and invasive properties to become mesenchymal stem cells; these are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types. EMT is essential for numerous developmental processes including mesoderm formation and neural tube formation. EMT has also been shown to occur in wound healing, in organ fibrosis and in the initiation of metastasis in cancer progression.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3</span> Protein-coding gene in humans

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 also known as SMAD family member 3 or SMAD3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD3 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lymphedema–distichiasis syndrome</span> Medical condition

Lymphedema–distichiasis syndrome is a medical condition associated with the FOXC2 gene. People with this hereditary condition have a double row of eyelashes, which is called distichiasis, and a risk of swollen limbs due to problems in the lymphatic system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mesenchyme</span> Type of animal embryonic connective tissue

Mesenchyme is a type of loosely organized animal embryonic connective tissue of undifferentiated cells that give rise to most tissues, such as skin, blood or bone. The interactions between mesenchyme and epithelium help to form nearly every organ in the developing embryo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FOXO3</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Forkhead box O3, also known as FOXO3 or FOXO3a, is a human protein encoded by the FOXO3 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Forkhead box C1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Forkhead box C1, also known as FOXC1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the FOXC1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FOXL2</span> Transcription factor gene of the FOX family

Forkhead box protein L2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXL2 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SNAI2</span> Protein

Zinc finger protein SNAI2 is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the SNAI2 gene. It promotes the differentiation and migration of certain cells and has roles in initiating gastrulation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SOX18</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Transcription factor SOX-18 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SOX18 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FOXE1</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Forkhead box protein E1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXE1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FOXF1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Forkhead box protein F1 (FOXF1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXF1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">POU3F4</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

POU domain, class 3, transcription factor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the POU3F4 gene found on the X chromosome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Homeobox protein goosecoid</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Homeobox protein goosecoid(GSC) is a homeobox protein that is encoded in humans by the GSC gene. Like other homeobox proteins, goosecoid functions as a transcription factor involved in morphogenesis. In Xenopus, GSC is thought to play a crucial role in the phenomenon of the Spemann-Mangold organizer. Through lineage tracing and timelapse microscopy, the effects of GSC on neighboring cell fates could be observed. In an experiment that injected cells with GSC and observed the effects of uninjected cells, GSC recruited neighboring uninjected cells in the dorsal blastopore lip of the Xenopus gastrula to form a twinned dorsal axis, suggesting that the goosecoid protein plays a role in the regulation and migration of cells during gastrulation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LZTR1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Leucine-zipper-like transcriptional regulator 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LZTR1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milroy's disease</span> Lymphedema commonly located in legs, caused by congenital abnormalities in the lymphatic system

Milroy's disease (MD) is a familial disease characterized by lymphedema, commonly in the legs, caused by congenital abnormalities in the lymphatic system. Disruption of the normal drainage of lymph leads to fluid accumulation and hypertrophy of soft tissues.

A mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET) is a reversible biological process that involves the transition from motile, multipolar or spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells to planar arrays of polarized cells called epithelia. MET is the reverse process of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and it has been shown to occur in normal development, induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming, cancer metastasis and wound healing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FOXA1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Forkhead box protein A1 (FOXA1), also known as hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-alpha (HNF-3A), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXA1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FOXE3</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Forkhead box protein E3 (FOXE3) also known as forkhead-related transcription factor 8 (FREAC-8) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXE3 gene located on the short arm of chromosome 1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FOXJ1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Forkhead box protein J1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXJ1 gene. It is a member of the Forkhead/winged helix (FOX) family of transcription factors that is involved in ciliogenesis. FOXJ1 is expressed in ciliated cells of the lung, choroid plexus, reproductive tract, embryonic kidney and pre-somite embryo stage.

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000176692 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000046714 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. Kaestner KH, Bleckmann SC, Monaghan AP, Schlöndorff J, Mincheva A, Lichter P, Schütz G (June 1996). "Clustered arrangement of winged helix genes fkh-6 and MFH-1: possible implications for mesoderm development". Development. 122 (6): 1751–8. doi:10.1242/dev.122.6.1751. PMID   8674414.
  6. 1 2 Miura N, Iida K, Kakinuma H, Yang XL, Sugiyama T (May 1997). "Isolation of the mouse (MFH-1) and human (FKHL 14) mesenchyme fork head-1 genes reveals conservation of their gene and protein structures". Genomics. 41 (3): 489–92. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4695. PMID   9169153.
  7. Fang J, Dagenais SL, Erickson RP, Arlt MF, Glynn MW, Gorski JL, Seaver LH, Glover TW (Dec 2000). "Mutations in FOXC2 (MFH-1), a forkhead family transcription factor, are responsible for the hereditary lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome". Am J Hum Genet. 67 (6): 1382–8. doi:10.1086/316915. PMC   1287915 . PMID   11078474.
  8. 1 2 Hader C, Marlier A, Cantley L (2010). "Mesenchymal-epithelial transition in epithelial response to injury: the role of Foxc2". Oncogene. 29 (7): 1031–40. doi:10.1038/onc.2009.397. PMC   2824778 . PMID   19935708.
  9. Lidell ME, Seifert EL, Westergren R, Heglind M, Gowing A, Sukonina V, Arani Z, Itkonen P, Wallin S, Westberg F, Fernandez-Rodriguez J, Laakso M, Nilsson T, Peng XR, Harper ME, Enerbäck S (Feb 2011). "The adipocyte-expressed forkhead transcription factor Foxc2 regulates metabolism through altered mitochondrial function". Diabetes. 60 (2): 427–35. doi:10.2337/db10-0409. PMC   3028341 . PMID   21270254.
  10. Cederberg A, Gronning LM, Ahren B, Tasken K, Carlsson P, Enerback S (2001). "FOXC2 is a winged helix gene that counteracts obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and diet-induced insulin resistance". Cell. 106 (5): 563–73. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00474-3 . PMID   11551504. S2CID   7411570.
  11. Connell F, Brice G, Mortimer P (2008). "Phenotypic characterization of primary lymphedema". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1131 (1): 140–6. Bibcode:2008NYASA1131..140C. doi:10.1196/annals.1413.013. PMID   18519967. S2CID   20912436.
  12. 1 2 Norrmén C, Ivanov KI, Cheng J, Zangger N, Delorenzi M, Jaquet M, Miura N, Puolakkainen P, Horsley V, Hu J, Augustin HG, Ylä-Herttuala S, Alitalo K, Petrova TV (May 2009). "FOXC2 controls formation and maturation of lymphatic collecting vessels through cooperation with NFATc1". J. Cell Biol. 185 (3): 439–57. doi:10.1083/jcb.200901104. PMC   2700385 . PMID   19398761.
  13. Ng MY, Andrew T, Spector TD, Jeffery S (March 2005). "Linkage to the FOXC2 region of chromosome 16 for varicose veins in otherwise healthy, unselected sibling pairs". J. Med. Genet. 42 (3): 235–9. doi:10.1136/jmg.2004.024075. PMC   1736007 . PMID   15744037.
  14. Battula VL, Evans KW, Hollier BG, Shi Y, Marini FC, Ayyanan A, Wang RY, Brisken C, Guerra R, Andreeff M, Mani SA (June 2010). "Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition-Derived Cells Exhibit Multi-Lineage Differentiation Potential Similar to Mesenchymal Stem Cells". Stem Cells. 28 (8): 1435–45. doi:10.1002/stem.467. PMC   3523728 . PMID   20572012.
  15. Mani SA, Yang J, Brooks M, Schwaninger G, Zhou A, Miura N, Kutok JL, Hartwell K, Richardson AL, Weinberg RA (June 2007). "Mesenchyme Forkhead 1 (FOXC2) plays a key role in metastasis and is associated with aggressive basal-like breast cancers". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (24): 10069–74. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10410069M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0703900104 . PMC   1891217 . PMID   17537911.

Further reading