DLX2

DLX2
Identifiers
Aliases	DLX2 , TES-1, TES1, AW121999, Dlx-2, distal-less homeobox 2
External IDs	OMIM: 126255 MGI: 94902 HomoloGene: 3244 GeneCards: DLX2
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 2 (human)
End	172,102,900 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 2 (mouse)
End	71,377,098 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	sperm; ; ganglionic eminence; ; periodontal fiber; ; pericardium; ; Brodmann area 23; ; middle temporal gyrus; ; superior frontal gyrus; ; occipital lobe; ; stromal cell of endometrium; ; prefrontal cortex;
	Top expressed in
	medial ganglionic eminence; ; molar; ; olfactory bulb; ; hair follicle; ; enteric nervous system; ; urethra; ; female urethra; ; male urethra; ; maxillary prominence; ; suprachiasmatic nucleus;
	More reference expression data
	; ;
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	DNA binding ; sequence-specific DNA binding ; RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding ; DNA-binding transcription factor activity ; DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific ; chromatin binding ; protein binding ; single-stranded RNA binding ; DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific ; RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding ;
Cellular component	nucleus ;
Biological process	cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron differentiation ; proximal/distal pattern formation ; cell differentiation ; regulation of transcription, DNA-templated ; regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II ; negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II ; transcription by RNA polymerase II ; branching morphogenesis of a nerve ; embryonic skeletal system development ; multicellular organism development ; odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth ; cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron fate commitment ; cartilage development ; brain development ; negative regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation ; forebrain neuron differentiation ; embryonic cranial skeleton morphogenesis ; olfactory bulb development ; hippocampus development ; subpallium development ; negative regulation of Notch signaling pathway ; positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II ; positive regulation of cell differentiation ; negative regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation ; positive regulation of amacrine cell differentiation ; transcription, DNA-templated ;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	1746
	13392
	ENSG00000115844
	ENSMUSG00000023391
	Q07687
	P40764
	NM_004405
	NM_010054
	NP_004396 ; NP_004396.1
	NP_034184
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Last updated January 30, 2023

Homeobox protein DLX-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLX2 gene.^[5]^[6]

Many vertebrate homeo box-containing genes have been identified on the basis of their sequence similarity with Drosophila developmental genes. Members of the Dlx gene family contain a homeobox that is related to that of Distal-less (Dll), a gene expressed in the head and limbs of the developing fruit fly. The Distal-less (Dlx) family of genes comprises at least 6 different members, DLX1-DLX6. The DLX proteins are postulated to play a role in forebrain and craniofacial development. This gene is located in a tail-to-tail configuration with another member of the gene family on the long arm of chromosome 2.^[6]

Interactions

DLX2 has been shown to interact with DLX5,^[7] MSX1 ^[7] and Msh homeobox 2.^[7]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Homeobox</span> DNA pattern affecting anatomy development

A homeobox is a DNA sequence, around 180 base pairs long, that regulates large-scale anatomical features in the early stages of embryonic development. For instance, mutations in a homeobox may change large-scale anatomical features of the full-grown organism.

Genes in the DLX family encode homeodomain transcription factors related to the Drosophiladistal-less(Dll) gene. The family has been related to a number of developmental features such as jaws and limbs. The family seems to be well preserved across species. As DLX/Dll are involved in limb development in most of the major phyla, including vertebrates, it has been suggested that Dll was involved in appendage growth in an early bilaterial ancestor.

Pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PBX1 gene.

Homeobox protein MSX-1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSX1 gene. MSX1 transcripts are not only found in thyrotrope-derived TSH cells, but also in the TtT97 thyrotropic tumor, which is a well differentiated hyperplastic tissue that produces both TSHß- and a-subunits and is responsive to thyroid hormone. MSX1 is also expressed in highly differentiated pituitary cells which until recently was thought to be expressed exclusively during embryogenesis. There is a highly conserved structural organization of the members of the MSX family of genes and their abundant expression at sites of inductive cell–cell interactions in the embryo suggest that they have a pivotal role during early development.

Homeobox protein MSX-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSX2 gene.

LIM/homeobox protein Lhx3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LHX3 gene.

PBX/Knotted 1 Homeobox 1 (PKNOX1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PKNOX1 gene.

Homeobox protein DLX-5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the distal-less homeobox 5 gene, or DLX5 gene. DLX5 is a member of DLX gene family.

Homeobox protein Hox-B1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXB1 gene.

Homeobox protein DLX-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLX3 gene.

Homeobox protein DLX-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLX4 gene.

Homeobox protein engrailed-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EN1 gene.

Homeobox protein Hox-C11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXC11 gene.

Homeobox protein Meis2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MEIS2 gene.

Homeobox protein DLX-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLX1 gene.

Homeobox protein DLX-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLX6 gene.

Homeobox protein Nkx-2.3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NKX2-3 gene.

LIM/homeobox protein Lhx2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LHX2 gene.

Ventral anterior homeobox 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VAX1 gene.

Homeobox protein Nkx-6.1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NKX6-1 gene.

References

1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000115844 - Ensembl, May 2017
1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000023391 - Ensembl, May 2017
↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
↑ Ozcelik T, Porteus MH, Rubenstein JL, Francke U (Sep 1992). "DLX2 (TES1), a homeobox gene of the Distal-less family, assigned to conserved regions on human and mouse chromosomes 2". Genomics. 13 (4): 1157–61. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90031-M. PMID 1354641.
1 2 "Entrez Gene: DLX2 distal-less homeobox 2".
1 2 3 Zhang, H; Hu G; Wang H; Sciavolino P; Iler N; Shen M M; Abate-Shen C (May 1997). "Heterodimerization of Msx and Dlx homeoproteins results in functional antagonism". Mol. Cell. Biol. UNITED STATES. 17 (5): 2920–32. doi:10.1128/mcb.17.5.2920. ISSN 0270-7306. PMC 232144 . PMID 9111364.

Harris SE, Guo D, Harris MA, et al. (2003). "Transcriptional regulation of BMP-2 activated genes in osteoblasts using gene expression microarray analysis: role of Dlx2 and Dlx5 transcription factors". Front. Biosci. 8 (6): s1249–65. doi: 10.2741/1170 . PMID 12957859.
Qiu M, Bulfone A, Martinez S, et al. (1995). "Null mutation of Dlx-2 results in abnormal morphogenesis of proximal first and second branchial arch derivatives and abnormal differentiation in the forebrain". Genes Dev. 9 (20): 2523–38. doi: 10.1101/gad.9.20.2523 . PMID 7590232.
Selski DJ, Thomas NE, Coleman PD, Rogers KE (1993). "The human brain homeogene, DLX-2: cDNA sequence and alignment with the murine homologue". Gene. 132 (2): 301–3. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90212-L . PMID 7901126.
Simeone A, Acampora D, Pannese M, et al. (1994). "Cloning and characterization of two members of the vertebrate Dlx gene family". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (6): 2250–4. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.2250S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.6.2250 . PMC 43348 . PMID 7907794.
McGuinness T, Porteus MH, Smiga S, et al. (1996). "Sequence, organization, and transcription of the Dlx-1 and Dlx-2 locus". Genomics. 35 (3): 473–85. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0387. PMID 8812481.
Zhang H, Hu G, Wang H, et al. (1997). "Heterodimerization of Msx and Dlx homeoproteins results in functional antagonism". Mol. Cell. Biol. 17 (5): 2920–32. doi:10.1128/mcb.17.5.2920. PMC 232144 . PMID 9111364.
Yu G, Zerucha T, Ekker M, Rubenstein JL (2002). "Evidence that GRIP, a PDZ-domain protein which is expressed in the embryonic forebrain, co-activates transcription with DLX homeodomain proteins". Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 130 (2): 217–30. doi:10.1016/S0165-3806(01)00239-5. PMID 11675124.
Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . PMC 139241 . PMID 12477932.
Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928 . PMID 15489334.
Espinoza HM, Ganga M, Vadlamudi U, et al. (2005). "Protein kinase C phosphorylation modulates N- and C-terminal regulatory activities of the PITX2 homeodomain protein". Biochemistry. 44 (10): 3942–54. doi:10.1021/bi048362x. PMID 15751970.

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[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000115844 - Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000023391 - Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid1354641-5] Ozcelik T, Porteus MH, Rubenstein JL, Francke U (Sep 1992). "DLX2 (TES1), a homeobox gene of the Distal-less family, assigned to conserved regions on human and mouse chromosomes 2". Genomics. 13 (4): 1157–61. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90031-M. PMID 1354641.

[entrez-6] 1 2 "Entrez Gene: DLX2 distal-less homeobox 2".

[pmid9111364-7] 1 2 3 Zhang, H; Hu G; Wang H; Sciavolino P; Iler N; Shen M M; Abate-Shen C (May 1997). "Heterodimerization of Msx and Dlx homeoproteins results in functional antagonism". Mol. Cell. Biol. UNITED STATES. 17 (5): 2920–32. doi:10.1128/mcb.17.5.2920. ISSN 0270-7306. PMC 232144 . PMID 9111364.

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DLX2

Contents

Interactions

Related Research Articles

References

Further reading