Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7

Last updated

SMAD7
SMURF2 SMAD7 complex.png
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
Aliases SMAD7 , CRCS3, MADH7, MADH8, SMAD family member 7
External IDs OMIM: 602932; MGI: 1100518; HomoloGene: 4314; GeneCards: SMAD7; OMA:SMAD7 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_005904
NM_001190821
NM_001190822
NM_001190823

NM_001042660
NM_008543

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001177750
NP_001177751
NP_001177752
NP_005895

NP_001036125

Location (UCSC) Chr 18: 48.92 – 48.95 Mb Chr 18: 75.5 – 75.53 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 or SMAD7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD7 gene. [5]

Contents

SMAD7 is a protein that, as its name describes, is a homolog of the Drosophila gene: "Mothers against decapentaplegic". It belongs to the SMAD family of proteins, which belong to the TGFβ superfamily of ligands. Like many other TGFβ family members, SMAD7 is involved in cell signalling. It is a TGFβ type 1 receptor antagonist. It blocks TGFβ1 and activin associating with the receptor, blocking access to SMAD2. It is an inhibitory SMAD (I-SMAD) and is enhanced by SMURF2.

Smad7 enhances muscle differentiation.

Structure

Smad proteins contain two conserved domains. The Mad Homology domain 1 (MH1 domain) is at the N-terminal and the Mad Homology domain 2 (MH2 domain) is at the C-terminal. Between them there is a linker region which is full of regulatory sites. The MH1 domain has DNA binding activity while the MH2 domain has transcriptional activity. [6] The linker region contains important regulatory peptide motifs including potential phosphorylation sites for mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPKs), Erk-family MAP kinases, [7] the Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CamKII) [8] and protein kinase C (PKC). [9] Smad7 does not have the MH1 domain. A proline-tyrosine (PY) motif presents at its linker region enables its interaction with the WW domains of the E3 ubiquitin ligase, the Smad ubiquitination-related factors (Smurf2). It resides predominantly in the nucleus at basal state and translocates to the cytoplasm upon TGF-β stimulation. [10]

Function

SMAD7 inhibits TGF-β signaling by preventing formation of Smad2/Smad4 complexes which initiate the TGF-β signaling. It interacts with activated TGF-β type I receptor therefore block the association, phosphorylation and activation of Smad2. [11] By occupying type I receptors for Activin and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), it also plays a role in negative feedback of these pathways. [12] [13]

Upon TGF- β treatment, Smad7 binds to discrete regions of Pellino-1 via distinct regions of the Smad MH2 domains. The interaction blocks the formation of the IRAK1-mediated IL-1R/TLR signaling complex therefore abrogates NF-κB activity, which subsequently causes reduced expression of pro-inflammatory genes. [14]

While Smad7 is induced by TGF-β, it is also induced by other stimuli, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Therefore, it provides a cross-talk between TGF-β signaling and other cellular signaling pathways. [15]

Role in cancer

A mutation located in SMAD7 gene is a cause of susceptibility to colorectal cancer (CRC) type 3. [5] Perturbation of Smad7 and suppression of TGF-β signaling was found to be evolved in CRC. [16] Case control studies and meta-analysis in Asian and European populations also provided evidence that this mutation is associated with colorectal cancer risk. [17]

TGF-β is one of the important growth factors in pancreatic cancer. By controlling the TGF-β pathway, smad7 is believed to be related to this disease. Some previous study showed over-expression of Smad7 in pancreatic cells [18] [19] [20] but there was a recent study showed a low Smad7 expression. The role of Smad7 in pancreatic cancer is still controversial. [21]

Over-expression or constitutive activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) can promote tumor processes. [22] [23] EGF-induced MMP-9 expression enhances tumor invasion and metastasis in some kinds of tumor cells such as breast cancer and ovarian cancer. [24] [25] Smad7 exerts an inhibitory effect on the EGF signaling pathway. Therefore, it may play a role in prevention of cancer metastasis. [26]

Use in Pharmacology

SMAD7 signaling has been studied in a recent Celgene Phase III trial, NCT ID number 94, which interacts with the SMAD7 pathway. This drug (Mongersen) was studied in patients with Crohn's disease. [27]

Interactions

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 has been shown to interact with:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paracrine signaling</span> Form of localized cell signaling

In cellular biology, paracrine signaling is a form of cell signaling, a type of cellular communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behaviour of those cells. Signaling molecules known as paracrine factors diffuse over a relatively short distance, as opposed to cell signaling by endocrine factors, hormones which travel considerably longer distances via the circulatory system; juxtacrine interactions; and autocrine signaling. Cells that produce paracrine factors secrete them into the immediate extracellular environment. Factors then travel to nearby cells in which the gradient of factor received determines the outcome. However, the exact distance that paracrine factors can travel is not certain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transforming growth factor beta</span> Cytokine

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily that includes three different mammalian isoforms and many other signaling proteins. TGFB proteins are produced by all white blood cell lineages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bone morphogenetic protein 4</span> Human protein and coding gene

Bone morphogenetic protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by BMP4 gene. BMP4 is found on chromosome 14q22-q23.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2</span> Protein found in humans

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2, also known as SMAD family member 2 or SMAD2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD2 gene. MAD homolog 2 belongs to the SMAD, a family of proteins similar to the gene products of the Drosophila gene 'mothers against decapentaplegic' (Mad) and the C. elegans gene Sma. SMAD proteins are signal transducers and transcriptional modulators that mediate multiple signaling pathways.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3</span> Protein-coding gene in humans

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 also known as SMAD family member 3 or SMAD3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD3 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

SMAD4, also called SMAD family member 4, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4, or DPC4 is a highly conserved protein present in all metazoans. It belongs to the SMAD family of transcription factor proteins, which act as mediators of TGF-β signal transduction. The TGFβ family of cytokines regulates critical processes during the lifecycle of metazoans, with important roles during embryo development, tissue homeostasis, regeneration, and immune regulation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

SMAD family member 6, also known as SMAD6, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD6 gene.

R-SMADs are receptor-regulated SMADs. SMADs are transcription factors that transduce extracellular TGF-β superfamily ligand signaling from cell membrane bound TGF-β receptors into the nucleus where they activate transcription TGF-β target genes. R-SMADS are directly phosphorylated on their c-terminus by type 1 TGF-β receptors through their intracellular kinase domain, leading to R-SMAD activation.

Smads comprise a family of structurally similar proteins that are the main signal transducers for receptors of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B) superfamily, which are critically important for regulating cell development and growth. The abbreviation refers to the homologies to the Caenorhabditis elegans SMA and MAD family of genes in Drosophila.

The transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) signaling pathway is involved in many cellular processes in both the adult organism and the developing embryo including cell growth, cell differentiation, cell migration, apoptosis, cellular homeostasis and other cellular functions. The TGFB signaling pathways are conserved. In spite of the wide range of cellular processes that the TGFβ signaling pathway regulates, the process is relatively simple. TGFβ superfamily ligands bind to a type II receptor, which recruits and phosphorylates a type I receptor. The type I receptor then phosphorylates receptor-regulated SMADs (R-SMADs) which can now bind the coSMAD SMAD4. R-SMAD/coSMAD complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they act as transcription factors and participate in the regulation of target gene expression.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BMPR1A</span> Bone morphogenetic protein receptor

The bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA also known as BMPR1A is a protein which in humans is encoded by the BMPR1A gene. BMPR1A has also been designated as CD292.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ACVR1B</span> Protein-coding gene in humans

Activin receptor type-1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACVR1B gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TGF beta receptor 1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Transforming growth factor beta receptor I is a membrane-bound TGF beta receptor protein of the TGF-beta receptor family for the TGF beta superfamily of signaling ligands. TGFBR1 is its human gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GDF2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Growth differentiation factor 2 (GDF2) also known as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF2 gene. GDF2 belongs to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Upstream and downstream (transduction)</span>

The upstream signaling pathway is triggered by the binding of a signaling molecule, a ligand, to a receiving molecule, a receptor. Receptors and ligands exist in many different forms, and only recognize/bond to particular molecules. Upstream extracellular signaling transduce a variety of intracellular cascades.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MAP3K7</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7 (MAP3K7), also known as TAK1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAP3K7 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TAB1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7-interacting protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TAB1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STRAP</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Serine-threonine kinase receptor-associated protein is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the STRAP gene.

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a potent cell regulatory polypeptide homodimer of 25kD. It is a multifunctional signaling molecule with more than 40 related family members. TGF-β plays a role in a wide array of cellular processes including early embryonic development, cell growth, differentiation, motility, and apoptosis.

The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptors are a family of serine/threonine kinase receptors involved in TGF beta signaling pathway. These receptors bind growth factor and cytokine signaling proteins in the TGF-beta family such as TGFβs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), growth differentiation factors (GDFs), activin and inhibin, myostatin, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), and NODAL.

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Further reading