Related Research Articles
A homeobox is a DNA sequence, around 180 base pairs long, found within genes that are involved in the regulation of patterns of anatomical development (morphogenesis) in animals, fungi, plants, and numerous single cell eukaryotes. Homeobox genes encode homeodomain protein products that are transcription factors sharing a characteristic protein fold structure that binds DNA to regulate expression of target genes. Homeodomain proteins regulate gene expression and cell differentiation during early embryonic development, thus mutations in homeobox genes can cause developmental disorders.
Genes in the DLX family encode homeodomain transcription factors related to the Drosophiladistal-less(Dll) gene. The family has been related to a number of developmental features such as jaws and limbs. The family seems to be well preserved across species. As DLX/Dll are involved in limb development in most of the major phyla, including vertebrates, it has been suggested that Dll was involved in appendage growth in an early bilaterial ancestor.
Fat mass and obesity-associated protein also known as alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase FTO is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FTO gene located on chromosome 16. As one homolog in the AlkB family proteins, it is the first mRNA demethylase that has been identified. Certain alleles of the FTO gene appear to be correlated with obesity in humans.
Homeobox protein Hox-D13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXD13 gene. This gene belongs to the homeobox family of genes. The homeobox genes encode a highly conserved family of transcription factors that play an important role in morphogenesis in all multicellular organisms.
Homeobox protein Hox-B1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXB1 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-D9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXD9 gene.
Homeobox protein Hox-A3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXA3 gene.
Paired related homeobox 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRRX1 gene.
Forkhead box protein H1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXH1 gene.
Homeobox protein DLX-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLX2 gene.
Homeobox protein Nkx-2.2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NKX2-2 gene.
Goosecoid (GSC) is a homeobox protein that is coded by the GSC gene. Like other homeobox proteins, goosecoid functions as a transcription factor involved in morphogenesis. In Xenopus, the goosecoid homeobox gene is thought to play a crucial role in the phenomenon of Spemann's Organizer. Through lineage tracing and timelapse microscopy, the effects of GSC on neighboring cell fates could be observed. In an experiment that injected cells with GSC and observed the effects of uninjected cells, GSC recruited neighboring uninjected cells in the dorsal blastopore lip of the Xenopus gastrula to form a twinned dorsal axis, suggesting that the Goosecoid protein plays a role in the regulation and migration of cells during gastrulation.
Homeobox protein GBX-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GBX2 gene.
Iroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-3, also known as Iroquois homeobox protein 3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRX3 gene.
Iroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-1, also known as Iroquois homeobox protein 1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRX1 gene. All members of the Iroquois (IRO) family of proteins share two highly conserved features, encoding both a homeodomain and a characteristic IRO sequence motif. Members of this family are known to play numerous roles in early embryo patterning. IRX1 has also been shown to act as a tumor suppressor gene in several forms of cancer.
Iroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-2, also known as Iroquois homeobox protein 2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRX2 gene.
Iroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-4, also known as Iroquois homeobox protein 4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRX4 gene.
Iroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-5, also known as Iroquois homeobox protein 5, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRX5 gene.
Iroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-6, also known as Iroquois homeobox protein 6, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRX6 gene.
Homeobox protein Mohawk, also known as iroquois homeobox protein-like 1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MKX gene. MKX is a member of an Iroquois (IRX) family-related class of 'three-amino acid loop extension' (TALE) atypical homeobox proteins characterized by 3 additional amino acids in the loop region between helix I and helix II of the homeodomain.
References
- ↑ Gómez-Skarmeta JL, Modolell J (August 2002). "Iroquois genes: genomic organization and function in vertebrate neural development". Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 12 (4): 403–8. doi:10.1016/S0959-437X(02)00317-9. PMID 12100884.
- 1 2 Kerner P, Ikmi A, Coen D, Vervoort M (2009). "Evolutionary history of the iroquois/Irx genes in metazoans". BMC Evol. Biol. 9: 74. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-74. PMC 2674049 . PMID 19368711.
- ↑ Leyns L, Gómez-Skarmeta JL, Dambly-Chaudière C (September 1996). "iroquois: a prepattern gene that controls the formation of bristles on the thorax ofDrosophila". Mech. Dev. 59 (1): 63–72. doi: 10.1016/0925-4773(96)00577-1 . PMID 8892233. S2CID 8144286.