ERV3

Last updated
ERV3-1
Identifiers
Aliases ERV3-1 , ERV-R, ERV3, ERVR, HERV-R, HERVR, envR, endogenous retrovirus group 3 member 1, endogenous retrovirus group 3 member 1, envelope
External IDs OMIM: 131170 HomoloGene: 128310 GeneCards: ERV3-1
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001007253
NM_001396062

n/a

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001007254

n/a

Location (UCSC) Chr 7: 64.99 – 65.01 Mb n/a
PubMed search [2] n/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

HERV-R_7q21.2 provirus ancestral envelope (Env) polyprotein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERV3 gene. [3] [4] [5]

Contents

Function

The human genome includes many retroelements including the human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), which compose about 7-8% of the human genome. [6] ERV3, one of the most studied HERVs, is thought to have integrated 30 to 40 million years ago and is present in higher primates with the exception of gorillas. Taken together, the observation of genome conservation, the detection of transcript expression, and the presence of conserved ORFs is circumstantial evidence for a functional role. Similar endogenous retroviral Env genes like syncytin-1 have important roles in placental formation and embryonic development by enabling cell-cell fusion. [7] [8] Despite its origin as an Env gene, ERV3 has a premature stop codon that precludes any cell-cell fusion functionality. [9] However, it does have an immunosuppressive function that helps the fetus evade a damaging maternal immune response, which may explain its high expression in the placenta. [10]

There is speculation that ERV3 originally did have cell-cell fusion functionality in the placenta, but that it was eventually supplanted by other Env genes like syncytin, leading to a loss of this function. [11]

Another functional role is suggested by the observation that downregulation of ERV3 is reported in choriocarcinoma. [5]

Related Research Articles

Retrovirus Family of viruses

A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell. Once inside the host cell's cytoplasm, the virus uses its own reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome, the reverse of the usual pattern, thus retro (backwards). The new DNA is then incorporated into the host cell genome by an integrase enzyme, at which point the retroviral DNA is referred to as a provirus. The host cell then treats the viral DNA as part of its own genome, transcribing and translating the viral genes along with the cell's own genes, producing the proteins required to assemble new copies of the virus.

Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is a milk-transmitted retrovirus like the HTL viruses, HI viruses, and BLV. It belongs to the genus Betaretrovirus. MMTV was formerly known as Bittner virus, and previously the "milk factor", referring to the extra-chromosomal vertical transmission of murine breast cancer by adoptive nursing, demonstrated in 1936, by John Joseph Bittner while working at the Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. Bittner established the theory that a cancerous agent, or "milk factor", could be transmitted by cancerous mothers to young mice from a virus in their mother's milk. The majority of mammary tumors in mice are caused by mouse mammary tumor virus.

<i>Gammaretrovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Gammaretrovirus is a genus in the Retroviridae family. Example species are the murine leukemia virus and the feline leukemia virus. They cause various sarcomas, leukemias and immune deficiencies in mammals, reptiles and birds.

Endogenous retrovirus Inherited retrovirus encoded in an organisms genome

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are endogenous viral elements in the genome that closely resemble and can be derived from retroviruses. They are abundant in the genomes of jawed vertebrates, and they comprise up to 5–8% of the human genome.

Syncytiotrophoblast Embryonic cell of the placental surface

Syncytiotrophoblast is the epithelial covering of the highly vascular embryonic placental villi, which invades the wall of the uterus to establish nutrient circulation between the embryo and the mother. It is a multi-nucleate, terminally differentiated syncytium, extending to 13 cm.

<i>Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus</i> Species of virus

Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is a betaretrovirus which is the causative agent of a contagious lung cancer in sheep, called ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma.

The murine leukemia viruses are retroviruses named for their ability to cause cancer in murine (mouse) hosts. Some MLVs may infect other vertebrates. MLVs include both exogenous and endogenous viruses. Replicating MLVs have a positive sense, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome that replicates through a DNA intermediate via the process of reverse transcription.

Env is a viral gene that encodes the protein forming the viral envelope. The expression of the env gene enables retroviruses to target and attach to specific cell types, and to infiltrate the target cell membrane.

Syncytin-1

Syncytin-1 also known as enverin is a protein found in humans and other primates that is encoded by the ERVW-1 gene. Syncytin-1 is a cell-cell fusion protein whose function is best characterized in placental development. The placenta in turn aids in embryo attachment to the uterus and establishment of a nutrient supply.

Neutral amino acid transporter B(0)

Neutral amino acid transporter B(0) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC1A5 gene.

PEG10

Retrotransposon-derived protein PEG10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PEG10 gene.

HERV-K_19q12 provirus ancestral Pol protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERVK6 gene.

Syncytin-2

Syncytin-2 also known as endogenous retrovirus group FRD member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERVFRD-1 gene. This protein plays a key role in the implantation of human embryos in the womb.

Paleovirology is the study of viruses that existed in the past but are now extinct. In general, viruses cannot leave behind physical fossils, therefore indirect evidence is used to reconstruct the past. For example, viruses can cause evolution of their hosts, and the signatures of that evolution can be found and interpreted in the present day. Also, some viral genetic fragments which were integrated into germline cells of an ancient organism have been passed down to our time as viral fossils, or endogenous viral elements (EVEs). EVEs that originate from the integration of retroviruses are known as endogenous retroviruses, or ERVs, and most viral fossils are ERVs. They may preserve genetic code from millions of years ago, hence the "fossil" terminology, although no one has detected a virus in mineral fossils. The most surprising viral fossils originate from non-retroviral DNA and RNA viruses.

Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV), formerly Simian retrovirus (SRV), is a species of retroviruses that usually infect and cause a fatal immune deficiency in Asian macaques. The ssRNA virus appears sporadically in mammary carcinoma of captive macaques at breeding facilities which expected as the natural host, but the prevalence of this virus in feral macaques remains unknown. M-PMV was transmitted naturally by virus-containing body fluids, via biting, scratching, grooming, and fighting. Cross contaminated instruments or equipment (fomite) can also spread this virus among animals.

An endogenous viral element (EVE) is a DNA sequence derived from a virus, and present within the germline of a non-viral organism. EVEs may be entire viral genomes (proviruses), or fragments of viral genomes. They arise when a viral DNA sequence becomes integrated into the genome of a germ cell that goes on to produce a viable organism. The newly established EVE can be inherited from one generation to the next as an allele in the host species, and may even reach fixation.

Human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) or Human teratocarcinoma-derived virus (HDTV) is a family of human endogenous retroviruses associated with malignant tumors of the testes. Phylogenetically, the HERV-K group belongs to the ERV2 or Class II or Betaretrovirus-like supergroup. Over the past several years, it has been found that this group of ERVs play an important role in embryogenesis, but their expression is silenced in most cell types in healthy adults. The HERV-K family, and particularly its subgroup HML-2, is the youngest and most transcriptionally active group and hence, it is the best studied among other ERVs. Reactivation of it or anomalous expression of HML-2 in adult tissues has been associated with various types of cancer and with neurodegenerative diseases such as amytrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) is related to mammary tumor virus in mice. It exists in the human and cercopithecoid genomes. Human genome contains hundreds of copies of HERV-K and many of them possess complete open reading frames (ORFs) that are transcribed and translated, especially in early embryogenesis and in malignancies. HERV-K is also found in apes and Old World monkeys. It is uncertain how long ago in primate evolution the full-length HERV-K proviruses which are in the human genome today were created.

Human Endogenous Retrovirus-W (HERV-W) is the coding for a protein that would normally be part of the envelope of one family of Human Endogenous Retro-Viruses, or HERVs.

Endogenous retrovirus group V member 2, envelope

Endogenous retrovirus group V member 2, envelope is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERVV-2 gene.

Gibbon-ape leukemia virus (GaLV) is an oncogenic, type C retrovirus that has been isolated from primate neoplasms, including the white-handed gibbon and woolly monkey. The virus was identified as the etiological agent of hematopoietic neoplasms, leukemias, and immune deficiencies within gibbons in 1971, during the epidemic of the late 1960s and early 1970s. Epidemiological research into the origins of GaLV has developed two hypotheses for the virus' emergence. These include cross-species transmission of the retrovirus present within a species of East Asian rodent or bat, and the inoculation or blood transfusion of a MbRV-related virus into captured gibbons populations housed at medical research institutions. The virus was subsequently identified in captive gibbon populations in Thailand, the US and Bermuda.

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000213462 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  3. Kato N, Shimotohno K, VanLeeuwen D, Cohen M (August 1990). "Human proviral mRNAs down regulated in choriocarcinoma encode a zinc finger protein related to Krüppel". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 10 (8): 4401–5. doi:10.1128/mcb.10.8.4401. PMC   361000 . PMID   2115127.
  4. O'Connell C, O'Brien S, Nash WG, Cohen M (October 1984). "ERV3, a full-length human endogenous provirus: chromosomal localization and evolutionary relationships". Virology. 138 (2): 225–35. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(84)90347-7. PMID   6495650.
  5. 1 2 "Entrez Gene: ERV3 endogenous retroviral sequence 3 (includes zinc finger protein H-plk/HPF9)".
  6. Jern P, Coffin JM (December 2008). "Effects of retroviruses on host genome function". Annual Review of Genetics. 42 (1): 709–32. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091501. PMID   18694346. S2CID   9254616.
  7. Vargas A, Moreau J, Landry S, LeBellego F, Toufaily C, Rassart E, et al. (September 2009). "Syncytin-2 plays an important role in the fusion of human trophoblast cells". Journal of Molecular Biology. 392 (2): 301–18. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2009.07.025. PMID   19616006.
  8. Mallet F, Bouton O, Prudhomme S, Cheynet V, Oriol G, Bonnaud B, et al. (February 2004). "The endogenous retroviral locus ERVWE1 is a bona fide gene involved in hominoid placental physiology". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (6): 1731–6. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.1731M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0305763101 . PMC   341840 . PMID   14757826.
  9. de Parseval N, Heidmann T (April 1998). "Physiological knockout of the envelope gene of the single-copy ERV-3 human endogenous retrovirus in a fraction of the Caucasian population". Journal of Virology. 72 (4): 3442–5. doi:10.1128/JVI.72.4.3442-3445.1998. PMC   109847 . PMID   9525678.
  10. Mangeney M, Renard M, Schlecht-Louf G, Bouallaga I, Heidmann O, Letzelter C, et al. (December 2007). "Placental syncytins: Genetic disjunction between the fusogenic and immunosuppressive activity of retroviral envelope proteins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (51): 20534–9. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10420534M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0707873105 . PMC   2154466 . PMID   18077339.
  11. Chuong EB (October 2013). "Retroviruses facilitate the rapid evolution of the mammalian placenta". BioEssays. 35 (10): 853–61. doi:10.1002/bies.201300059. PMC   4332834 . PMID   23873343.

Further reading

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.