Related Research Articles
Retinoic acid (used simplified here for all-trans-retinoic acid) is a metabolite of vitamin A1 (all-trans-retinol) that mediates the functions of vitamin A1 required for growth and development. All-trans-retinoic acid is required in chordate animals, which includes all higher animals from fish to humans. During early embryonic development, all-trans-retinoic acid generated in a specific region of the embryo helps determine position along the embryonic anterior/posterior axis by serving as an intercellular signaling molecule that guides development of the posterior portion of the embryo. It acts through Hox genes, which ultimately control anterior/posterior patterning in early developmental stages.
The thyroid hormone receptor (TR) is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding thyroid hormone. TRs act as transcription factors, ultimately affecting the regulation of gene transcription and translation. These receptors also have non-genomic effects that lead to second messenger activation, and corresponding cellular response.
The retinoid X receptor (RXR) is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by 9-cis retinoic acid, which is discussed controversially to be of endogenous relevance, and 9-cis-13,14-dihydroretinoic acid, which is likely to be the major endogenous mammalian RXR-selective agonist.
The liver X receptor (LXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors and is closely related to nuclear receptors such as the PPARs, FXR and RXR. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are important regulators of cholesterol, fatty acid, and glucose homeostasis. LXRs were earlier classified as orphan nuclear receptors, however, upon discovery of endogenous oxysterols as ligands they were subsequently deorphanized.
In the field of molecular biology, nuclear receptors are a class of proteins responsible for sensing steroids, thyroid hormones, vitamins, and certain other molecules. These intracellular receptors work with other proteins to regulate the expression of specific genes thereby controlling the development, homeostasis, and metabolism of the organism.
Retinoid receptors are nuclear receptors that bind to retinoids. When bound to a retinoid, they act as transcription factors, altering the expression of genes with corresponding response elements. Significant age-related declines in the levels of retinoid receptors in the forebrains of rats have been reversed by supplementation with the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which can restore neurogenesis.
The nuclear receptor co-repressor 1 also known as thyroid-hormone- and retinoic-acid-receptor-associated co-repressor 1 (TRAC-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCOR1 gene.
The nuclear receptor co-repressor 2 (NCOR2) is a transcriptional coregulatory protein that contains several nuclear receptor-interacting domains. In addition, NCOR2 appears to recruit histone deacetylases to DNA promoter regions. Hence NCOR2 assists nuclear receptors in the down regulation of target gene expression. NCOR2 is also referred to as a silencing mediator for retinoid or thyroid-hormone receptors (SMRT) or T3 receptor-associating cofactor 1 (TRAC-1).
The RAR-related orphan receptors (RORs) are members of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factors. There are three forms of ROR, ROR-α, -β, and -γ and each is encoded by a separate gene, RORA, RORB, and RORC respectively. The RORs are somewhat unusual in that they appear to bind as monomers to hormone response elements as opposed to the majority of other nuclear receptors which bind as dimers. They bind to DNA elements called ROR response elements (RORE).
RAR-related orphan receptor beta (ROR-beta), also known as NR1F2 is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the RORB gene.
Rev-Erb alpha (Rev-Erbɑ), also known as nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1 (NR1D1), is one of two Rev-Erb proteins in the nuclear receptor (NR) family of intracellular transcription factors. In humans, REV-ERBɑ is encoded by the NR1D1 gene, which is highly conserved across animal species.
Retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR-alpha), also known as NR2B1 is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the RXRA gene.
Retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR-α), also known as NR1B1 is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the RARA gene.
Retinoid X receptor gamma (RXR-gamma), also known as NR2B3 is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the RXRG gene.
Retinoid X receptor beta (RXR-beta), also known as NR2B2 is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the RXRB gene.
Retinoic acid receptor beta (RAR-beta), also known as NR1B2 is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the RARB gene.
Retinoic acid receptor gamma (RAR-γ), also known as NR1B3 is a nuclear receptor encoded by the RARG gene. Adapalene selectively targets retinoic acid receptor beta and retinoic acid receptor gamma and its agonism of the gamma subtype is largely responsible for adapalene's observed effects.
Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 2 is a cytoplasmic binding protein that in humans is encoded by the CRABP2 gene.
Vitamin D response element (VDRE) is a type of DNA sequence that is found in the promoter region of vitamin D regulated genes. This sequence binds the vitamin D receptor (VDR), when complexed with calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D), the active form of vitamin D, and so regulates the expression of many genes.
Microphthalmia, syndromic 12 (MCOPS12) is an ultra-rare and complex neurological disease. It is caused by a single-point missense mutation in the retinoic acid receptor beta (RARB) gene. The most common disease symptoms are microphthalmia, severe (progressive) movement disorders and intellectual disability. Movement disorders may include spasticity, dystonia and chorea. In addition, malformations such as incomplete lung development, defects of the cerebellum, and a defect/hole in the diaphragm have been observed.
References
- 1 2 Germain P, Chambon P, Eichele G, Evans RM, Lazar MA, Leid M, et al. (December 2006). "International Union of Pharmacology. LX. Retinoic acid receptors". Pharmacological Reviews. 58 (4): 712–725. doi:10.1124/pr.58.4.4. PMID 17132850. S2CID 7483165.
- ↑ Allenby G, Bocquel MT, Saunders M, Kazmer S, Speck J, Rosenberger M, et al. (January 1993). "Retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors: interactions with endogenous retinoic acids". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (1): 30–34. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90...30A. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.1.30 . PMC 45593 . PMID 8380496.
- 1 2 Bastien J, Rochette-Egly C (March 2004). "Nuclear retinoid receptors and the transcription of retinoid-target genes". Gene. 328: 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2003.12.005. PMID 15019979.
- ↑ di Masi A, Leboffe L, De Marinis E, Pagano F, Cicconi L, Rochette-Egly C, et al. (February 2015). "Retinoic acid receptors: from molecular mechanisms to cancer therapy". Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 41: 1–115. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2014.12.003. PMID 25543955.
- ↑ Rotondo JC, Borghi A, Selvatici R, Mazzoni E, Bononi I, Corazza M, et al. (July 2018). "Association of Retinoic Acid Receptor β Gene With Onset and Progression of Lichen Sclerosus-Associated Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma". JAMA Dermatology. 154 (7): 819–823. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.1373. PMC 6128494 . PMID 29898214.
- ↑ Bastien J, Rochette-Egly C (March 2004). "Nuclear retinoid receptors and the transcription of retinoid-target genes". Gene. 328: 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2003.12.005. PMID 15019979.
