MAX (gene)

MAX
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1AN2, 1HLO, 1NKP, 1NLW, 1R05
Identifiers
Aliases	MAX , bHLHd4, max, MYC associated factor X
External IDs	OMIM: 154950; MGI: 96921; HomoloGene: 1786; GeneCards: MAX; OMA:MAX - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 14 (human) [1] Band 14q23.3 Start 65,006,174 bp [1] End 65,102,695 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 12 (mouse) [2] Band 12 C3|12 33.78 cM Start 76,984,043 bp [2] End 77,008,975 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in monocyte tendon of biceps brachii oocyte secondary oocyte epithelium of nasopharynx blood olfactory bulb dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve Achilles tendon granulocyte Top expressed in granulocyte tail of embryo genital tubercle zygote neural layer of retina lip esophagus yolk sac muscle of thigh secondary oocyte More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function sequence-specific DNA binding protein dimerization activity DNA-binding transcription factor activity transcription coactivator activity transcription coregulator activity RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor activity RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding protein binding DNA binding protein homodimerization activity E-box binding RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific protein-containing complex binding protein heterodimerization activity Cellular component PML body cell projection dendrite nucleus nucleoplasm cytoplasm protein-DNA complex MLL1 complex RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex Biological process neuron apoptotic process regulation of transcription, DNA-templated regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II cellular response to starvation transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of gene expression transcription, DNA-templated response to insulin cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus retina development in camera-type eye response to axon injury response to organonitrogen compound negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of G0 to G1 transition G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle protein-containing complex assembly positive regulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 4149 17187 Ensembl ENSG00000125952 ENSMUSG00000059436 UniProt P61244 Q8TAX8 P28574 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001271068 NM_001271069 NM_002382 NM_145112 NM_145113 NM_145114 NM_145116 NM_197957 NM_001320415 NM_001146176 NM_008558 NM_001361663 NM_001361664 RefSeq (protein) NP_001257997 NP_001257998 NP_001307344 NP_002373 NP_660087 NP_660088 NP_660089 NP_932061 NP_002373.3 NP_660087.1 NP_660088.1 NP_001307344.1 NP_001139648 NP_001348592 NP_001348593 NP_032584 Location (UCSC) Chr 14: 65.01 – 65.1 Mb Chr 12: 76.98 – 77.01 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

MAX (also known as myc-associated factor X) is a gene that in humans encodes the MAX transcription factor. ^{[5] [6]}

Function

The protein product of MAX contains the basic helix-loop-helix and leucine zipper motifs. It is therefore included in the bHLHZ family of transcription factors. It is able to form homodimers with other MAX proteins and heterodimers with other transcription factors, including Mad, Mxl1 and Myc. The homodimers and heterodimers compete for a common DNA target site (the E-box) in a gene promoter zone. Rearrangement of dimers (e.g., Mad:Max, Max:Myc) provides a system of transcriptional regulation with greater diversity of gene targets. Max must dimerise in order to be biologically active. ^[7]

Transcriptionally active hetero- and homodimers involving Max can promote cell proliferation as well as apoptosis. ^[8]

Interactions

The protein product of Max has been shown to interact with:

• Myc, ^{[9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]}
• MNT, ^[18]
• MSH2, ^[13]
• MXD1, ^{[15] [17] [19] [22]}
• MXI1, ^{[16] [18] [20] [23]}
• MYCL1, ^{[14] [20]}
• N-Myc, ^{[14] [20]}
• SPAG9, ^[15]
• TEAD1, ^[24] and
• Transformation/transcription domain-associated protein. ^{[10] [11]}

Clinical relevance

This gene has been shown mutated in cases of hereditary pheochromocytoma. ^[25] More recently the Max gene becomes mutated and becomes inactivated in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). This is mutually exclusive with alterations at Myc and BRG1, the latter coding for an ATPase of the SWI/SNF complex. It was demonstrated that the BRG1 product regulates the expression of Max through direct recruitment to the Max promoter region, and that depletion of BRG1 strongly hinders cell growth, specifically in Max-deficient cells, suggesting that the two together cause synthetic lethality. Furthermore, Max required BRG1 to activate neuroendocrine transcriptional programs and to up-regulate Myc targets, such as glycolytic-related genes. ^[26]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000125952 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000059436 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Wagner AJ, Le Beau MM, Diaz MO, Hay N (April 1992). "Expression, regulation, and chromosomal localization of the Max gene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 89 (7): 3111–3115. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.3111W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.7.3111 . PMC   48814 . PMID   1557420.
6. "Entrez Gene: MAX MYC associated factor X".
7. Ecevit O, Khan MA, Goss DJ (March 2010). "Kinetic analysis of the interaction of b/HLH/Z transcription factors Myc, Max, and Mad with cognate DNA". Biochemistry. 49 (12): 2627–2635. doi:10.1021/bi901913a. PMC   2852888 . PMID   20170194.
8. Amati B, Land H (February 1994). "Myc-Max-Mad: a transcription factor network controlling cell cycle progression, differentiation and death". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 4 (1): 102–108. doi:10.1016/0959-437X(94)90098-1. PMID   8193530.
9. Ewing RM, Chu P, Elisma F, Li H, Taylor P, Climie S, et al. (2007). "Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry". Molecular Systems Biology. 3 89. doi:10.1038/msb4100134. PMC   1847948 . PMID   17353931.
10. McMahon SB, Wood MA, Cole MD (January 2000). "The essential cofactor TRRAP recruits the histone acetyltransferase hGCN5 to c-Myc". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 20 (2): 556–562. doi:10.1128/MCB.20.2.556-562.2000. PMC   85131 . PMID   10611234.
11. McMahon SB, Van Buskirk HA, Dugan KA, Copeland TD, Cole MD (August 1998). "The novel ATM-related protein TRRAP is an essential cofactor for the c-Myc and E2F oncoproteins". Cell. 94 (3): 363–374. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81479-8 . PMID   9708738. S2CID   17693834.
12. Cheng SW, Davies KP, Yung E, Beltran RJ, Yu J, Kalpana GV (May 1999). "c-MYC interacts with INI1/hSNF5 and requires the SWI/SNF complex for transactivation function". Nature Genetics. 22 (1): 102–105. doi:10.1038/8811. PMID   10319872. S2CID   12945791.
13. Mac Partlin M, Homer E, Robinson H, McCormick CJ, Crouch DH, Durant ST, et al. (February 2003). "Interactions of the DNA mismatch repair proteins MLH1 and MSH2 with c-MYC and MAX". Oncogene. 22 (6): 819–825. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206252 . PMID   12584560.
14. Blackwood EM, Eisenman RN (March 1991). "Max: a helix-loop-helix zipper protein that forms a sequence-specific DNA-binding complex with Myc". Science. 251 (4998): 1211–1217. Bibcode:1991Sci...251.1211B. doi:10.1126/science.2006410. PMID   2006410.
15. Lee CM, Onésime D, Reddy CD, Dhanasekaran N, Reddy EP (October 2002). "JLP: A scaffolding protein that tethers JNK/p38MAPK signaling modules and transcription factors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (22): 14189–14194. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9914189L. doi: 10.1073/pnas.232310199 . PMC   137859 . PMID   12391307.
16. Billin AN, Eilers AL, Queva C, Ayer DE (December 1999). "Mlx, a novel Max-like BHLHZip protein that interacts with the Max network of transcription factors". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (51): 36344–36350. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.51.36344 . PMID   10593926.
17. Gupta K, Anand G, Yin X, Grove L, Prochownik EV (March 1998). "Mmip1: a novel leucine zipper protein that reverses the suppressive effects of Mad family members on c-myc". Oncogene. 16 (9): 1149–1159. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1201634 . PMID   9528857.
18. Meroni G, Reymond A, Alcalay M, Borsani G, Tanigami A, Tonlorenzi R, et al. (May 1997). "Rox, a novel bHLHZip protein expressed in quiescent cells that heterodimerizes with Max, binds a non-canonical E box and acts as a transcriptional repressor". The EMBO Journal. 16 (10): 2892–2906. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.10.2892. PMC   1169897 . PMID   9184233.
19. Nair SK, Burley SK (January 2003). "X-ray structures of Myc-Max and Mad-Max recognizing DNA. Molecular bases of regulation by proto-oncogenic transcription factors". Cell. 112 (2): 193–205. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(02)01284-9 . PMID   12553908. S2CID   16142388.
20. FitzGerald MJ, Arsura M, Bellas RE, Yang W, Wu M, Chin L, et al. (April 1999). "Differential effects of the widely expressed dMax splice variant of Max on E-box vs initiator element-mediated regulation by c-Myc". Oncogene. 18 (15): 2489–2498. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202611 . PMID   10229200.
21. Meroni G, Cairo S, Merla G, Messali S, Brent R, Ballabio A, et al. (July 2000). "Mlx, a new Max-like bHLHZip family member: the center stage of a novel transcription factors regulatory pathway?". Oncogene. 19 (29): 3266–3277. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203634 . PMID   10918583.
22. Ayer DE, Kretzner L, Eisenman RN (January 1993). "Mad: a heterodimeric partner for Max that antagonizes Myc transcriptional activity". Cell. 72 (2): 211–222. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90661-9. PMID   8425218. S2CID   13317223.
23. Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, et al. (October 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–1178. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID   16189514. S2CID   4427026.
24. Gupta MP, Amin CS, Gupta M, Hay N, Zak R (July 1997). "Transcription enhancer factor 1 interacts with a basic helix-loop-helix zipper protein, Max, for positive regulation of cardiac alpha-myosin heavy-chain gene expression". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 17 (7): 3924–3936. doi:10.1128/mcb.17.7.3924. PMC   232245 . PMID   9199327.
25. Comino-Méndez I, Gracia-Aznárez FJ, Schiavi F, Landa I, Leandro-García LJ, Letón R, et al. (June 2011). "Exome sequencing identifies MAX mutations as a cause of hereditary pheochromocytoma". Nature Genetics. 43 (7): 663–667. doi:10.1038/ng.861. PMID   21685915. S2CID   205357831.
26. Romero OA, Torres-Diz M, Pros E, Savola S, Gomez A, Moran S, et al. (March 2014). "MAX inactivation in small cell lung cancer disrupts MYC-SWI/SNF programs and is synthetic lethal with BRG1". Cancer Discovery. 4 (3): 292–303. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-13-0799 . PMID   24362264.

Further reading

• Grandori C, Cowley SM, James LP, Eisenman RN (2001). "The Myc/Max/Mad network and the transcriptional control of cell behavior". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 16: 653–699. doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.16.1.653. PMID   11031250.
• Lüscher B (October 2001). "Function and regulation of the transcription factors of the Myc/Max/Mad network". Gene. 277 (1–2): 1–14. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00697-7. PMID   11602341.
• Wechsler DS, Dang CV (August 1992). "Opposite orientations of DNA bending by c-Myc and Max". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 89 (16): 7635–7639. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.7635W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.16.7635 . PMC   49765 . PMID   1323849.
• Mäkelä TP, Koskinen PJ, Västrik I, Alitalo K (April 1992). "Alternative forms of Max as enhancers or suppressors of Myc-ras cotransformation". Science. 256 (5055): 373–377. Bibcode:1992Sci...256..373M. doi:10.1126/science.256.5055.373. PMID   1566084. S2CID   37558098.
• Gilladoga AD, Edelhoff S, Blackwood EM, Eisenman RN, Disteche CM (June 1992). "Mapping of MAX to human chromosome 14 and mouse chromosome 12 by in situ hybridization". Oncogene. 7 (6): 1249–1251. PMID   1594250.
• Blackwood EM, Eisenman RN (March 1991). "Max: a helix-loop-helix zipper protein that forms a sequence-specific DNA-binding complex with Myc". Science. 251 (4998): 1211–1217. Bibcode:1991Sci...251.1211B. doi:10.1126/science.2006410. PMID   2006410.
• Zervos AS, Faccio L, Gatto JP, Kyriakis JM, Brent R (November 1995). "Mxi2, a mitogen-activated protein kinase that recognizes and phosphorylates Max protein". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 92 (23): 10531–10534. Bibcode:1995PNAS...9210531Z. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.23.10531 . PMC   40645 . PMID   7479834.
• Bousset K, Henriksson M, Lüscher-Firzlaff JM, Litchfield DW, Lüscher B (December 1993). "Identification of casein kinase II phosphorylation sites in Max: effects on DNA-binding kinetics of Max homo- and Myc/Max heterodimers". Oncogene. 8 (12): 3211–3220. PMID   8247525.
• Ayer DE, Kretzner L, Eisenman RN (January 1993). "Mad: a heterodimeric partner for Max that antagonizes Myc transcriptional activity". Cell. 72 (2): 211–222. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90661-9. PMID   8425218. S2CID   13317223.
• Västrik I, Koskinen PJ, Alitalo R, Mäkelä TP (February 1993). "Alternative mRNA forms and open reading frames of the max gene". Oncogene. 8 (2): 503–507. PMID   8426752.
• Ferré-D'Amaré AR, Prendergast GC, Ziff EB, Burley SK (May 1993). "Recognition by Max of its cognate DNA through a dimeric b/HLH/Z domain". Nature. 363 (6424): 38–45. Bibcode:1993Natur.363...38F. doi:10.1038/363038a0. PMID   8479534. S2CID   4304430.
• Hurlin PJ, Quéva C, Koskinen PJ, Steingrímsson E, Ayer DE, Copeland NG, et al. (November 1995). "Mad3 and Mad4: novel Max-interacting transcriptional repressors that suppress c-myc dependent transformation and are expressed during neural and epidermal differentiation". The EMBO Journal. 14 (22): 5646–5659. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb00252.x. PMC   394680 . PMID   8521822.
• Grandori C, Mac J, Siëbelt F, Ayer DE, Eisenman RN (August 1996). "Myc-Max heterodimers activate a DEAD box gene and interact with multiple E box-related sites in vivo". The EMBO Journal. 15 (16): 4344–4357. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00808.x. PMC   452159 . PMID   8861962.
• Brownlie P, Ceska T, Lamers M, Romier C, Stier G, Teo H, et al. (April 1997). "The crystal structure of an intact human Max-DNA complex: new insights into mechanisms of transcriptional control". Structure. 5 (4): 509–520. doi: 10.1016/S0969-2126(97)00207-4 . PMID   9115440.
• Meroni G, Reymond A, Alcalay M, Borsani G, Tanigami A, Tonlorenzi R, et al. (May 1997). "Rox, a novel bHLHZip protein expressed in quiescent cells that heterodimerizes with Max, binds a non-canonical E box and acts as a transcriptional repressor". The EMBO Journal. 16 (10): 2892–2906. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.10.2892. PMC   1169897 . PMID   9184233.
• Gupta MP, Amin CS, Gupta M, Hay N, Zak R (July 1997). "Transcription enhancer factor 1 interacts with a basic helix-loop-helix zipper protein, Max, for positive regulation of cardiac alpha-myosin heavy-chain gene expression". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 17 (7): 3924–3936. doi:10.1128/mcb.17.7.3924. PMC   232245 . PMID   9199327.
• Gupta K, Anand G, Yin X, Grove L, Prochownik EV (March 1998). "Mmip1: a novel leucine zipper protein that reverses the suppressive effects of Mad family members on c-myc". Oncogene. 16 (9): 1149–1159. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1201634 . PMID   9528857.
• Lavigne P, Crump MP, Gagné SM, Hodges RS, Kay CM, Sykes BD (August 1998). "Insights into the mechanism of heterodimerization from the 1H-NMR solution structure of the c-Myc-Max heterodimeric leucine zipper". Journal of Molecular Biology. 281 (1): 165–181. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1998.1914. PMID   9680483.
• FitzGerald MJ, Arsura M, Bellas RE, Yang W, Wu M, Chin L, et al. (April 1999). "Differential effects of the widely expressed dMax splice variant of Max on E-box vs initiator element-mediated regulation by c-Myc". Oncogene. 18 (15): 2489–2498. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202611 . PMID   10229200.

External links

• MAX+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• FactorBook Max

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.