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A basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) is a protein structural motif that characterizes one of the largest families of dimerizing transcription factors. The word "basic" does not refer to complexity but to the chemistry of the motif because transcription factors in general contain basic amino acid residues in order to facilitate DNA binding.
HNF1 homeobox A, also known as HNF1A, is a human gene on chromosome 12. It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types. The protein encoded by this gene is a transcription factor that is highly expressed in the liver and is involved in the regulation of the expression of several liver-specific genes. Mutations in the HNF1A gene have been known to cause diabetes. The HNF1A gene also contains one of 27 SNPs associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.
PDX1, also known as insulin promoter factor 1, is a transcription factor in the ParaHox gene cluster. In vertebrates, Pdx1 is necessary for pancreatic development, including β-cell maturation, and duodenal differentiation. In humans this protein is encoded by the PDX1 gene, which was formerly known as IPF1. The gene was originally identified in the clawed frog Xenopus laevis and is present widely across the evolutionary diversity of bilaterian animals, although it has been lost in evolution in arthropods and nematodes. Despite the gene name being Pdx1, there is no Pdx2 gene in most animals; single-copy Pdx1 orthologs have been identified in all mammals. Coelacanth and cartilaginous fish are, so far, the only vertebrates shown to have two Pdx genes, Pdx1 and Pdx2.
HNF1 homeobox B, also known as HNF1B or transcription factor 2 (TCF2), is a human gene.
Neurogenic differentiation 1 (Neurod1), also called β2, is a transcription factor of the NeuroD-type. It is encoded by the human gene NEUROD1.
DNA-binding protein inhibitor ID-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ID1 gene.
Transcriptional enhancer factor TEF-1 also known as TEA domain family member 1 (TEAD1) and transcription factor 13 (TCF-13) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TEAD1 gene. TEAD1 was the first member of the TEAD family of transcription factors to be identified.
Transcription factor Sp4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SP4 gene.
Krueppel-like factor 11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLF11 gene.
Forkhead box protein H1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXH1 gene.
Neurogenins are a family of bHLH transcription factors involved in specifying neuronal differentiation. It is one of many gene families related to the atonal gene in Drosophila. Other positive regulators of neuronal differentiation also expressed during early neural development include NeuroD and ASCL1.
Neurogenic differentiation factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NEUROD2 gene.
Homeobox protein Nkx-2.2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NKX2-2 gene.
Neurogenin-3 (NGN3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the Neurog3 gene.
Forkhead box protein A2 (FOXA2), also known as hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-beta (HNF-3B), is a transcription factor that plays an important role during development, in mature tissues and, when dysregulated or mutated, also in cancer.
Regulatory factor X, 6 also known as DNA-binding protein RFX6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RFX6 gene.
Proneural genes encode transcription factors of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) class which are responsible for the development of neuroectodermal progenitor cells. Proneural genes have multiple functions in neural development. They integrate positional information and contribute to the specification of progenitor-cell identity. From the same ectodermal cell types, neural or epidermal cells can develop based on interactions between proneural and neurogenic genes. Neurogenic genes are so called because loss of function mutants show an increase number of developed neural precursors. On the other hand, proneural genes mutants fail to develop neural precursor cells.
Forkhead box D1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXD1 gene. Forkhead d1 is a kidney expressed transcription factor maps at the chromosome 5 at position 5q12—q13, identified in Drosophila forkhead protein and mammalian HNF3 transcription factor. The name of was derived from two spiked head structures in the embryos of Drosophila forkhead mutant. It belong to transcription factor family that displays remarkable functional diversity and involved in a wide variety of biological processes. The most commonly used synonyms for Forkhead D1 are, FOX D1, FREAC-4 and BF2.
Pancreatic progenitor cells are multipotent stem cells originating from the developing fore-gut endoderm which have the ability to differentiate into the lineage specific progenitors responsible for the developing pancreas.
Transcription of insulin is regulated by the binding of various transcription factors to the ~400 base pairs before the insulin transcription start site, called the "insulin regulatory sequence". This sequence is made up of several distinct regions with different biochemical properties, each of which serve as binding sites for distinct regulatory proteins. First, multiple A/T-rich sequences, called "A elements", each of which contains a "TAAT" reocognized by homeodomain proteins. These regions are primarily bound by PDX-1, but also Cdx2 and Isl-1. Second, two so-called "C elements" – C1 located 107–118 base pairs before the transcription start site; C2 311–317 base pairs before the start site. C1 is bound by RIPE3b1 via MafA. C2 is bound by PAX6. Third, an "E element" with sequence GCCATCTG is 91–100 base pairs before the transcription start site and binds the helix-loop-helix transcription factors NEUROD1. Lastly, several "cyclic AMP response elements" with sequence TGACGTCA that binds CREB.
References
- ↑ Gu, Chunyan; Stein, Gretchen H.; Pan, Ning; Goebbels, Sandra; Hörnberg, Hanna; Nave, Klaus-Armin; Herrera, Pedro; White, Peter; Kaestner, Klaus H.; Sussel, Lori; Lee, Jacqueline E. (7 April 2010). "Pancreatic β Cells Require NeuroD to Achieve and Maintain Functional Maturity". Cell Metabolism. 11 (4): 298–310. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2010.03.006 . ISSN 1550-4131. PMC 2855640 . PMID 20374962.
- ↑ Morrow, E.M.; Furukawa, T.; Lee, J.E.; Cepko, C.L. (1 January 1999). "NeuroD regulates multiple functions in the developing neural retina in rodent". Development. 126 (1): 23–36. doi:10.1242/dev.126.1.23. PMID 9834183 . Retrieved 1 March 2022.
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