OSR1

Last updated
OSR1
Identifiers
Aliases OSR1 , ODD, odd-skipped related transcription factor 1, odd-skipped related transciption factor 1
External IDs OMIM: 608891 MGI: 1344424 HomoloGene: 8035 GeneCards: OSR1
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

130497

23967

Ensembl

ENSG00000143867

ENSMUSG00000048387

UniProt

Q8TAX0

Q9WVG7

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_145260

NM_011859

RefSeq (protein)

NP_660303

NP_035989

Location (UCSC) Chr 2: 19.35 – 19.36 Mb Chr 12: 9.62 – 9.63 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Protein odd-skipped-related 1 is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the OSR1 gene. [5] [6] [7] The OSR1 and OSR2 transcription factors participate in the normal development of body parts such as the kidney. [8]

Contents

Protein odd-skipped related 1 is a zinc-finger transcription factor that, in humans, is encoded by the OSR1 gene found on chromosome 2 (2p24.1) and in mice is encoded by the Osr1 gene. In mammals, OSR1 is involved in the development of the kidneys, heart and in the palate and is often coexpressed with OSR2. OSR1 and OSR2 are homologous to the Odd-skipped class transcription factors in Drosophila, encoded by odd, [5] bowl, sob [9] and arm. [10] [11]

Structure

OSR1 is a 266 amino-acid protein and contains three C2H2 zinc finger domains. [12] OSR1 and OSR2 share 65% amino-acid sequence and 98% zinc finger domain similarity. [13]

Function

Early expression

In mice, during gastrulation on embryological day 7.5, cells fated to become intermediate mesoderm show the mouse OSR1 homologue, Osr1, expression. A day later, it is expressed in the intermediate mesoderm, lateral to the neural plate. Osr1 expression weakens and shifts posteriorly, to the presumptive kidneys, by day 9.5. By day 10.5, the branchial arch and limbs also begin to express Osr1. [12] [14]

Heart development

Mice carrying a targeted null mutation in the Odd1 gene show that Odd1 is essential forheart and intermediate mesoderm development. [15] Osr1 regulates atrial septum formation in the heart. Osr1 is expressed in the dorsal atrial wall, from which the primary atrial septum will emerge, and later in the septum and left venous valve leaflet. [14] It is also present in the mesothelium of the thoracic cavity and the parietal pericardium. [14] Embryos lacking Osr1 expression usually die before birth due to deformed atrioventricular junctions and hypoplastic venous valves; the ones that progress to term also have an incomplete parietal pericardium. [14] These pathologies occur in the presence of other transcription factors important for atrial septum formation such as Nkx2.5, Pitx2 and Tbx5. [14] Deleting Osr1 in second heart field demonstrated absence of the atrial septum. It is also demonstrated that Osr1 is a direct downstream target of Tbx5 in the second heart field and establish a Tbx5-Osr1 pathway parallel to Hh signaling required for atrial septation. [16] Osr1 can also interact with Tbx5 to regulate posterior second heart field cell cycle progression for cardiac septation. [17]

Kidney development

Osr1 is the earliest marker of the intermediate mesoderm, which will form the gonads and kidneys. This expression is not essential for the formation of intermediate mesoderm but for the differentiation towards renal and gonadal structures. [14] [18] Osr1 acts upstream of and causes expression of the transcription factors Lhx1, Pax2 and Wt1 which are involved in early urogenital development. [14] In normal kidney development, activation of the Pax2-Eya1-Hox11 complex and subsequent activation of Six2 and Gdnf expression allows for branching of the ureteric bud and maintenance of the nephron-forming cap mesenchyme. [19] Six2 maintains the self-renewing state of the cap mesenchyme. [20] and Gdnf, via the Gdnf-Ret signalling pathway, is required for attraction and branching of the growing ureteric bud. [21] Within the developing kidney, Osr1 expressing cells will become mesangial cells, pericytes, ureteric smooth muscle and the kidney capsule. The cell types that Osr1 expressing cells will differentiate into are determined by the timing of loss of expression – cells that will become part of the vasculature or ureteric epithelium lose expression of Osr1 early (E8.5), and those that become nephrons lose expression later (E11.5). [22] All three stages of kidney formation are affected in mice lacking Osr1 expression and are similar to mice with reduced Wt1 and Pax2 expression – the Wollfian duct is abnormal, there are fewer mesonephric tubules and the kidney-forming metanephros and gonads are missing. [14] In embryonic day 10.5, embryos lacking Osr1 expression fail to grow a ureteric bud that migrates into the uncompacted metanephric mesenchyme. [14] The lack of inductive signals from the ureteric bud combined with a downstream reduction in Pax2 expression results in apoptosis and agenesis of the kidney. [14]

Limb formation

Expression of Osr1 in the limb buds is initially restricted to the mesenchyme immediately below the endoderm, but shifts anteriorly and proximally by embryonic day 11.5. [12] In mice, Osr1 is expressed in the interdigital mesenchyme [12] and presumptive synovial joints during limb development. [23] where it overlaps with expression of Gdf5, an early marker for joint formation. [24] Mouse embryonic limb muscle connective tissue cells express the transcription factor Osr1, differentiating into fibrogenic and adipogenic cells in vivo and in vitro and defining an embryonic Fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAP) like population. Genetic lineage tracing shows that developmental Osr1+ cells give rise to a subset of adult FAPs. Loss of Osr1 function leads to a reduction of myogenic progenitor proliferation and survival resulting in limb muscle patterning defects. [25]

Cancer

The expression of OSR1 is more reduced in lung cancer tissues than in normal lung tissues, and was correlated with poor differentiation. OSR1 could downregulat the activity of the Wnt signaling pathway by suppressing the expression of SOX9 and β‐catenin. [26] OSR1 expression is also significantly down-regulated at both mRNA and protein levels in primary gastric cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. It acts as a functional tumour suppressor through the transcriptional activation of p53 and repression of TCF/LEF in gastric cancer. [27] OSR1 expression was downregulated in primary RCC and negatively correlated with histological grade. Downregulation of OSR1 might represent a potentially prognostic marker and therapeutic target for RCC.

Other sites

Osr1 is expressed in the first and second branchial arches, in the limb buds, mouth and nasal pits, in the trunk, the forebrain., [12] developing somites, distal mandible and developing eye. [13]

Regulation

The expression of Osr1 is negatively regulated by Runx2 and Ikzf1. These genes are involved in osteoblast and lymphocyte differentiation through their interaction with the Osr1 promoter region. [28] In human osteoblast and osteosarcoma cell lines, OSR1 is directly induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. [29]

Clinical relevance

Reduction of kidney size caused by variant allele

A variant human OSR1 allele which does not produce a functional transcript and found in 6% of Caucasian populations, reduces the size of the newborn kidney by 11.8%. [30]

OSR1 methylation in cancer

OSR1 is methylated and downregulated in 51.8% of gastric cancer cells and tissues. [31] When expressed normally, OSR1 is anti-proliferative – it induces cell cycle arrest and induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cell. [31] OSR1 is methylated in above 85% of squamous cell carcinomas. [32] >

Orthologs

OSR1 orthologs in model organisms
OrganismGeneFunction
ChickcOsr1Expressed in intermediate and lateral plate mesoderm, developing sinus venosus of the heart, maxillary and mandibular processes, developing eye and limbs. [23]
Xenopus frogXOsrExpressed in the intermediate mesoderm and required in pronephros formation. [33]
Danio rerio ZebrafishzOsrPronephros formation. Reduced zOsr expression results in reduced expression of kidney epithelial sodium-glucose cotransporter and sodium-potassium-chlorine cotransporter genes. [33]
D.melanogaster Drosophilaodd, bowl,sob expressed in seven stripes at the blastoderm stage, then during gastrulation the seven primary stripes are supplemented by secondary stripes which appear in alternate segments. This results in the labelling of every segment in the extended germ band. Also expressed in the embryo in distinct regions of the gut, the Garland cells associated with the proventriculus, the pericardial cells, the lymph glands associated with the heart, in a subset of cells in the central nervous system and in select apodemes. Expressed in a segmentally repeated pattern in the leg disk at the distal edge of each presumptive leg segment except in tarsal segments 1 to 4. [34] [35] [36]
Caenorhabditis elegansodd-1, odd-2 Is an ortholog of human OSR1 (odd-skipped related transcription factor 1) and OSR2 (odd-skipped related transcription factor 2). Is predicted to have RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding activity. Is expressed in intestine. [37]

See also

OSR2 (gene)

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intermediate mesoderm</span> Layer of cells in mammalian embryos

Intermediate mesoderm or intermediate mesenchyme is a narrow section of the mesoderm located between the paraxial mesoderm and the lateral plate of the developing embryo. The intermediate mesoderm develops into vital parts of the urogenital system, as well as the reproductive system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Myogenesis</span> Formation of muscular tissue, particularly during embryonic development

Myogenesis is the formation of skeletal muscular tissue, particularly during embryonic development.

Apical ectodermal ridge

The apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is a structure that forms from the ectodermal cells at the distal end of each limb bud and acts as a major signaling center to ensure proper development of a limb. After the limb bud induces AER formation, the AER and limb mesenchyme—including the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)—continue to communicate with each other to direct further limb development.

Limb development

Limb development in vertebrates is an area of active research in both developmental and evolutionary biology, with much of the latter work focused on the transition from fin to limb.

The limb bud is a structure formed early in vertebrate limb development. As a result of interactions between the ectoderm and underlying mesoderm, formation occurs roughly around the fourth week of development. In the development of the human embryo the upper limb bud appears in the third week and the lower limb bud appears four days later.

T-box Group of proteins containing a T-box domain

T-box refers to a group of transcription factors involved in embryonic limb and heart development. Every T-box protein has a relatively large DNA-binding domain, generally comprising about a third of the entire protein that is both necessary and sufficient for sequence-specific DNA binding. All members of the T-box gene family bind to the "T-box", a DNA consensus sequence of TCACACCT.

Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5 Protein-coding gene in humans

Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NKX2-5 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SNAI1</span> Protein

Zinc finger protein SNAI1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNAI1 gene. Snail is a family of transcription factors that promote the repression of the adhesion molecule E-cadherin to regulate epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) during embryonic development.

<i>TBX5</i> (gene) Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

T-box transcription factor TBX5, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBX5 gene.

TBX3 Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

T-box transcription factor TBX3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBX3 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TBX2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

T-box transcription factor 2 Tbx2 is a transcription factor that is encoded by the Tbx2 gene on chromosome 17q21-22 in humans. This gene is a member of a phylogenetically conserved family of genes that share a common DNA-binding domain, the T-box. Tbx2 and Tbx3 are the only T-box transcription factors that act as transcriptional repressors rather than transcriptional activators, and are closely related in terms of development and tumorigenesis. This gene plays a significant role in embryonic and fetal development through control of gene expression, and also has implications in various cancers. Tbx2 is associated with numerous signaling pathways, BMP, TGFβ, Wnt, and FGF, which allow for patterning and proliferation during organogenesis in fetal development.

<i>HLX</i> (gene) Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Homeobox Protein HB24 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLX gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TCF21 (gene)</span>

Transcription factor 21 (TCF21), also known as pod-1, capsuling, or epicardin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCF21 gene on chromosome 6. It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types and highly significantly expressed in lung and placenta. TCF21 is crucial for the development of a number of cell types during embryogenesis of the heart, lung, kidney, and spleen. TCF21 is also deregulated in several types of cancers, and thus known to function as a tumor suppressor. The TCF21 gene also contains one of 27 SNPs associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TBX22</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

T-box transcription factor TBX22 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBX22 gene.

OSR2 (gene) Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Protein odd-skipped-related 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OSR2 gene. In mice, it is involved in the development of the palate and in suppressing the formation of teeth after the eruption of adult teeth.

Zone of polarizing activity

The zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) is an area of mesenchyme that contains signals which instruct the developing limb bud to form along the anterior/posterior axis. Limb bud is undifferentiated mesenchyme enclosed by an ectoderm covering. Eventually, the limb bud develops into bones, tendons, muscles and joints. Limb bud development relies not only on the ZPA, but also many different genes, signals, and a unique region of ectoderm called the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). Research by Saunders and Gasseling in 1948 identified the AER and its subsequent involvement in proximal distal outgrowth. Twenty years later, the same group did transplantation studies in chick limb bud and identified the ZPA. It wasn't until 1993 that Todt and Fallon showed that the AER and ZPA are dependent on each other.

A mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET) is a reversible biological process that involves the transition from motile, multipolar or spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells to planar arrays of polarized cells called epithelia. MET is the reverse process of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and it has been shown to occur in normal development, induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming, cancer metastasis and wound healing.

tinman, or tin is an Nk2-homeobox containing transcription factor first isolated in Drosophila flies. The human homolog is the Nkx2-5 gene. tinman is expressed in the precardiac mesoderm and is responsible for the differentiation, proliferation, and specification of cardiac progenitor cells. This gene is named after the character Tin Woodman who lacks a heart, as flies with nonfunctional tinman genes have cardiac deformities.

T-box transcription factor Tbx4 is a transcription factor that belongs to T-box gene family that is involved in the regulation of embryonic developmental processes. The transcription factor is encoded by the TBX4 gene located on human chromosome 17. Tbx4 is known mostly for its role in the development of the hindlimb, but it also plays a critical role in the formation of the umbilicus. Tbx4 has been shown to be expressed in the allantois, hindlimb, lung and proctodeum.

TBX15

T-box transcription factor TBX15 is protein that is encoded in humans by the Tbx15 gene, mapped to Chromosome 3 in mice and Chromosome 1 in humans. Tbx15 is a transcription factor that plays a key role in embryonic development. Like other members of the T-box subfamily, Tbx15 is expressed in the notochord and primitive streak, where it assists with the formation and differentiation of the mesoderm. It is steadily downregulated after segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm.

References

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  31. 1 2 Otani K, Dong Y, Li X, Lu J, Zhang N, Xu L, Go MY, Ng EK, Arakawa T, Chan FK, Sung JJ, Yu J (2014). "Odd-skipped related 1 is a novel tumour suppressor gene and a potential prognostic biomarker in gastric cancer". The Journal of Pathology. 234 (3): 302–15. doi:10.1002/path.4391. PMC   4277686 . PMID   24931004.
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