PRRX1

Last updated
PRRX1
Identifiers
Aliases PRRX1 , AGOTC, PHOX1, PMX1, PRX-1, PRX1, paired related homeobox 1
External IDs OMIM: 167420 MGI: 97712 HomoloGene: 7896 GeneCards: PRRX1
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_006902
NM_022716

NM_001025570
NM_011127
NM_175686

RefSeq (protein)

NP_008833
NP_073207

NP_001020741
NP_035257
NP_783617

Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 170.66 – 170.74 Mb Chr 1: 163.07 – 163.14 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Paired related homeobox 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRRX1 gene. [5] [6]

Contents

Function

The DNA-associated protein encoded by this gene is a member of the paired family of homeobox proteins localized to the nucleus. The protein functions as a transcription coactivator, enhancing the DNA-binding activity of serum response factor, a protein required for the induction of genes by growth and differentiation factors. The protein regulates muscle creatine kinase, indicating a role in the establishment of diverse mesodermal muscle types. Alternative splicing yields two isoforms that differ in abundance and expression patterns. [6]

Role in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation

Prrx1 expression is restricted to the mesoderm during embryonic development, and both Prrx1 and Prrx2 are expressed in mesenchymal tissues in adult mice. [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] Mice that lack both Prrx1 and Prrx2 have profound defects in mesenchymal cell differentiation in the craniofacial region. [9] [12] Several recent studies demonstrate that PRRX1 can regulate differentiation of mesenchymal precursors. For example, PRRX1 inhibits adipogenesis by activating transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling, [13] and also acts downstream of tumor necrosis factor-alpha to inhibit osteoblast differentiation. [14]

Related Research Articles

Homeobox DNA pattern affecting anatomy development

A homeobox is a DNA sequence, around 180 base pairs long, found within genes that are involved in the regulation of patterns of anatomical development (morphogenesis) in animals, fungi, plants, and numerous single cell eukaryotes. Homeobox genes encode homeodomain protein products that are transcription factors sharing a characteristic protein fold structure that binds DNA to regulate expression of target genes. Homeodomain proteins regulate gene expression and cell differentiation during early embryonic development, thus mutations in homeobox genes can cause developmental disorders.

Homeobox protein MSX-1 Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Homeobox protein MSX-1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSX1 gene. MSX1 transcripts are not only found in thyrotrope-derived TSH cells, but also in the TtT97 thyrotropic tumor, which is a well differentiated hyperplastic tissue that produces both TSHß- and a-subunits and is responsive to thyroid hormone. MSX1 is also expressed in highly differentiated pituitary cells which until recently was thought to be expressed exclusively during embryogenesis. There is a highly conserved structural organization of the members of the MSX family of genes and their abundant expression at sites of inductive cell–cell interactions in the embryo suggest that they have a pivotal role during early development.

HOXB7 Protein-coding gene in humans

Homeobox protein Hox-B7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXB7 gene.

Homeobox A10 Protein-coding gene in humans

Homeobox protein Hox-A10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXA10 gene.

Msh homeobox 2 Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Homeobox protein MSX-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSX2 gene.

ZEB1 Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZEB1 gene.

HOXA5 Protein-coding gene in humans

Homeobox protein Hox-A5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXA5 gene.

HHEX Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Hematopoietically-expressed homeobox protein HHEX is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HHEX gene and also known as Proline Rich Homeodomain protein PRH.

PROX1

Prospero homeobox protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PROX1 gene. The Prox1 gene is critical for the development of multiple tissues. Prox1 activity is necessary and sufficient to specify a lymphatic endothelial cell fate in endothelial progenitors located in the embryonic veins.

HOXA7 Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Homeobox protein Hox-A7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXA7 gene.

DLX3

Homeobox protein DLX-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLX3 gene.

DLX4

Homeobox protein DLX-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLX4 gene.

HOXA3 Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Homeobox protein Hox-A3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXA3 gene.

VSX1 Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Visual system homeobox 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VSX1 gene.

DLX2 Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Homeobox protein DLX-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLX2 gene.

NKX2-3 Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Homeobox protein Nkx-2.3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NKX2-3 gene.

PRRX2 Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Paired mesoderm homeobox protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRRX2 gene.

SIX2 Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Homeobox protein SIX2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIX2 gene.

NKX6-1

Homeobox protein Nkx-6.1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NKX6-1 gene.

PKNOX2

PBX/Knotted 1 Homeobox 2 (PKNOX2) protein belongs to the three amino acid loop extension (TALE) class of homeodomain proteins, and is encoded by PKNOX2 gene in humans. The protein regulates the transcription of other genes and affects anatomical development.

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000116132 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026586 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. Grueneberg DA, Natesan S, Alexandre C, Gilman MZ (Sep 1992). "Human and Drosophila homeodomain proteins that enhance the DNA-binding activity of serum response factor". Science. 257 (5073): 1089–95. Bibcode:1992Sci...257.1089G. doi:10.1126/science.257.5073.1089. PMID   1509260. S2CID   1206059.
  6. 1 2 "Entrez Gene: PRRX1 paired related homeobox 1".
  7. Kern MJ, Witte DP, Valerius MT, Aronow BJ, Potter SS (October 1992). "A novel murine homeobox gene isolated by a tissue specific PCR cloning strategy". Nucleic Acids Res. 20 (19): 5189–95. doi:10.1093/nar/20.19.5189. PMC   334304 . PMID   1383943.
  8. Nohno T, Koyama E, Myokai F, Taniguchi S, Ohuchi H, Saito T, Noji S (July 1993). "A chicken homeobox gene related to Drosophila paired is predominantly expressed in the developing limb". Dev. Biol. 158 (1): 254–64. doi:10.1006/dbio.1993.1184. PMID   8101172.
  9. 1 2 Lu MF, Cheng HT, Kern MJ, Potter SS, Tran B, Diekwisch TG, Martin JF (February 1999). "prx-1 functions cooperatively with another paired-related homeobox gene, prx-2, to maintain cell fates within the craniofacial mesenchyme" (PDF). Development. 126 (3): 495–504. doi:10.1242/dev.126.3.495. hdl: 1969.1/184860 . PMID   9876178.
  10. Hu YS, Zhou H, Kartsogiannis V, Eisman JA, Martin TJ, Ng KW (November 1998). "Expression of rat homeobox gene, rHOX, in developing and adult tissues in mice and regulation of its mRNA expression in osteoblasts by bone morphogenetic protein 2 and parathyroid hormone-related protein". Mol. Endocrinol. 12 (11): 1721–32. doi: 10.1210/mend.12.11.0195 . PMID   9817598.
  11. Cserjesi P, Lilly B, Bryson L, Wang Y, Sassoon DA, Olson EN (August 1992). "MHox: a mesodermally restricted homeodomain protein that binds an essential site in the muscle creatine kinase enhancer". Development. 115 (4): 1087–101. doi:10.1242/dev.115.4.1087. PMID   1360403.
  12. ten Berge D, Brouwer A, Korving J, Martin JF, Meijlink F (October 1998). "Prx1 and Prx2 in skeletogenesis: roles in the craniofacial region, inner ear and limbs". Development. 125 (19): 3831–42. doi:10.1242/dev.125.19.3831. hdl: 1969.1/184321 . PMID   9729491.
  13. Du B, Cawthorn WP, Su A, Doucette CR, Yao Y, Hemati N, Kampert S, McCoin C, Broome DT, Rosen CJ, Yang G, MacDougald OA (February 2013). "The transcription factor paired-related homeobox 1 (Prrx1) inhibits adipogenesis by activating transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling". J. Biol. Chem. 288 (5): 3036–47. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.440370 . PMC   3561528 . PMID   23250756.
  14. Lu X, Beck GR, Gilbert LC, Camalier CE, Bateman NW, Hood BL, Conrads TP, Kern MJ, You S, Chen H, Nanes MS (January 2011). "Identification of the homeobox protein Prx1 (MHox, Prrx-1) as a regulator of osterix expression and mediator of tumor necrosis factor α action in osteoblast differentiation". J. Bone Miner. Res. 26 (1): 209–19. doi:10.1002/jbmr.203. PMC   3179318 . PMID   20683885.

Further reading

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.