Interferon regulatory factor 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRF5 gene. [5] The IRF family is a group of transcription factors that are involved in signaling for virus responses in mammals along with regulation of certain cellular functions. [6]
IRF5 is a member of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, a group of transcription factors with diverse roles, including virus-mediated activation of interferon, and modulation of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune system activity. Members of the IRF family are characterized by a conserved N-terminal DNA-binding domain containing tryptophan (W) repeats. Alternative splice variants encoding different isoforms exist. [5] The regulatory and repression regions of the IRF family are mainly located in the C-terminal of the IRF. [7]
A 2020 study showed that an adaptor protein named TASL play an important regulatory role in IRF5 activation by being phosphorylated at the pLxIS motif, [8] drawing a similar analogy to the IRF3 activation pathway through the adaptor proteins MAVS, STING and TRIF. [9]
IRF5 acts as a molecular switch that controls whether macrophages will promote or inhibit inflammation. Blocking the production of IRF5 in macrophages may help treat a wide range of autoimmune diseases, and that boosting IRF5 levels might help treat people whose immune systems are weak, compromised, or damaged. IRF5 seems to work "either by interacting with DNA directly, or by interacting with other proteins that themselves control which genes are switched on." [10]
The IRF family regulates the gene expression for the interferon (IFN) response to viral infections. [6] IRF5 is a direct transducer to interferon signaling and is activated via phosphorylation. [11] The IRF family can also initiate the JAK/STAT signaling pathway by binding to transmembrane receptors that activate JAK. [12] IRFs, IFNs, and the JAK/STAT signaling pathway work together to fight viral infections in mammals through specific signals. [13]
Interferon regulatory factors (IRF) are proteins which regulate transcription of interferons. Interferon regulatory factors contain a conserved N-terminal region of about 120 amino acids, which folds into a structure that binds specifically to the IRF-element (IRF-E) motifs, which is located upstream of the interferon genes. Some viruses have evolved defense mechanisms that regulate and interfere with IRF functions to escape the host immune system. For instance, the remaining parts of the interferon regulatory factor sequence vary depending on the precise function of the protein. The Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus, KSHV, is a cancer virus that encodes four different IRF-like genes; including vIRF1, which is a transforming oncoprotein that inhibits type 1 interferon activity. In addition, the expression of IRF genes is under epigenetic regulation by promoter DNA methylation.
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) is a transcription factor which in humans is encoded by the STAT1 gene. It is a member of the STAT protein family.
Interferon regulatory factor 3, also known as IRF3, is an interferon regulatory factor.
Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TYK2 gene.
JAK1 is a human tyrosine kinase protein essential for signaling for certain type I and type II cytokines. It interacts with the common gamma chain (γc) of type I cytokine receptors, to elicit signals from the IL-2 receptor family, the IL-4 receptor family, the gp130 receptor family. It is also important for transducing a signal by type I (IFN-α/β) and type II (IFN-γ) interferons, and members of the IL-10 family via type II cytokine receptors. Jak1 plays a critical role in initiating responses to multiple major cytokine receptor families. Loss of Jak1 is lethal in neonatal mice, possibly due to difficulties suckling. Expression of JAK1 in cancer cells enables individual cells to contract, potentially allowing them to escape their tumor and metastasize to other parts of the body.
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAT2 gene. It is a member of the STAT protein family. This protein is critical to the biological response of type I interferons (IFNs). STAT2 sequence identity between mouse and human is only 68%.
Insulin receptor substrate 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRS2 gene.
Interferon-alpha/beta receptor beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFNAR2 gene.
Interferon regulatory factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRF2 gene.
Interferon regulatory factor 7, also known as IRF7, is a member of the interferon regulatory factor family of transcription factors.
Cytoplasmic protein NCK1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCK1 gene.
Interferon regulatory factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRF1 gene.
Interferon alpha-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFNA1 gene.
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKAA1 gene.
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon also known as I-kappa-B kinase epsilon or IKK-epsilon is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the IKBKE gene.
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) also known as MUM1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRF4 gene,. IRF4 functions as a key regulatory transcription factor in the development of human immune cells. The expression of IRF4 is essential for the differentiation of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes as well as certain myeloid cells. Dysregulation of the IRF4 gene can result in IRF4 functioning either as an oncogene or a tumor-suppressor, depending on the context of the modification.
Interferon regulatory factor 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRF9 gene, previously known as ISGF3G.
Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) also known as interferon consensus sequence-binding protein (ICSBP), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRF8 gene. IRF8 is a transcription factor that plays critical roles in the regulation of lineage commitment and in myeloid cell maturation including the decision for a common myeloid progenitor (CMP) to differentiate into a monocyte precursor cell.
Interferon-alpha/beta receptor alpha chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFNAR1 gene.
Interferon alpha-16, also known as IFN-alpha-16, is a protein that in humans is encoded by theIFNA16 gene.
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
 | This article on a gene on human chromosome 7 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
