Janus kinase 2

Last updated

JAK2
Protein JAK2 PDB 2b7a.png
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
Aliases JAK2 , JTK10, THCYT3, Janus kinase 2, MAX2
External IDs OMIM: 147796; MGI: 96629; HomoloGene: 21033; GeneCards: JAK2; OMA:JAK2 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

3717

16452

Ensembl

ENSG00000096968

ENSMUSG00000024789

UniProt

O60674

Q62120

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001048177
NM_008413

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001041642
NP_032439

Location (UCSC) Chr 9: 4.98 – 5.13 Mb Chr 19: 29.23 – 29.29 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Janus kinase 2 (commonly called JAK2) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase. It is a member of the Janus kinase family and has been implicated in signaling by members of the type II cytokine receptor family (e.g. interferon receptors), the GM-CSF receptor family (IL-3R, IL-5R and GM-CSF-R), the gp130 receptor family (e.g., IL-6R), and the single chain receptors (e.g. Epo-R, Tpo-R, GH-R, PRL-R). [5] [6]

The distinguishing feature between janus kinase 2 and other JAK kinases is the lack of Src homology binding domains (SH2/SH3) and the presence of up to seven JAK homology domains (JH1-JH7). Nonetheless the terminal JH domains retain a high level of homology to tyrosine kinase domains. An interesting note is that only one of these carboxy-terminal JH domains retains full kinase function (JH1) while the other (JH2), previously thought to have no kinase functionality and accordingly termed a pseudokinase domain, has since been found to be catalytically active, albeit at only 10% that of the JH1 domain. [7] [8]

Loss of JAK2 is lethal by embryonic day 12 in mice. [9]

JAK2 orthologs [10] have been identified in all mammals for which complete genome data are available.

Clinical significance

JAK2 gene fusions with the TEL(ETV6) (TEL-JAK2) and PCM1 genes have been found in patients suffering leukemia, particularly clonal eosinophilia forms of the disease. [11] [12] [13]

Mutations in JAK2 have been implicated in polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and myelofibrosis as well as other myeloproliferative disorders. [14] This mutation (V617F), a change of valine to phenylalanine at the 617 position, appears to render hematopoietic cells more sensitive to growth factors such as erythropoietin and thrombopoietin, because the receptors for these growth factors require JAK2 for signal transduction. JAK2 mutation, when demonstrable, is one of the methods of diagnosing polycythemia vera. [15]

Interactions

Janus kinase 2 has been shown to interact with:

Prolactin signals through JAK2 are dependent on STAT5, and on the RUSH transcription factors. [59]

See also

Related Research Articles

Janus kinase (JAK) is a family of intracellular, non-receptor tyrosine kinases that transduce cytokine-mediated signals via the JAK-STAT pathway. They were initially named "just another kinase" 1 and 2, but were ultimately published as "Janus kinase". The name is taken from the two-faced Roman god of beginnings, endings and duality, Janus, because the JAKs possess two near-identical phosphate-transferring domains. One domain exhibits the kinase activity, while the other negatively regulates the kinase activity of the first.

The JAK-STAT signaling pathway is a chain of interactions between proteins in a cell, and is involved in processes such as immunity, cell division, cell death, and tumour formation. The pathway communicates information from chemical signals outside of a cell to the cell nucleus, resulting in the activation of genes through the process of transcription. There are three key parts of JAK-STAT signalling: Janus kinases (JAKs), signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (STATs), and receptors. Disrupted JAK-STAT signalling may lead to a variety of diseases, such as skin conditions, cancers, and disorders affecting the immune system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erythropoietin receptor</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

The erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EPOR gene. EpoR is a 52 kDa peptide with a single carbohydrate chain resulting in an approximately 56–57 kDa protein found on the surface of EPO responding cells. It is a member of the cytokine receptor family. EpoR pre-exists as dimers. These dimers were originally thought to be formed by extracellular domain interactions, however, it is now assumed that it is formed by interactions of the transmembrane domain and that the original structure of the extracellular interaction site was due to crystallisation conditions and does not depict the native conformation. Binding of a 30 kDa ligand erythropoietin (Epo), changes the receptor's conformational change, resulting in the autophosphorylation of Jak2 kinases that are pre-associated with the receptor. At present, the best-established function of EpoR is to promote proliferation and rescue of erythroid progenitors from apoptosis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GRB2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2, also known as Grb2, is an adaptor protein involved in signal transduction/cell communication. In humans, the GRB2 protein is encoded by the GRB2 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PTPN11</span> Protein-coding gene in humans

Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11 (PTPN11) also known as protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1D (PTP-1D), Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 (SHP-2), or protein-tyrosine phosphatase 2C (PTP-2C) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPN11 gene. PTPN11 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) Shp2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GAB2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

GRB2-associated-binding protein 2 also known as GAB2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GAB2 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tyrosine kinase 2</span> Enzyme and coding gene in humans

Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TYK2 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Janus kinase 3</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK3 is a tyrosine kinase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the JAK3 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Janus kinase 1</span>

JAK1 is a human tyrosine kinase protein essential for signaling for certain type I and type II cytokines. It interacts with the common gamma chain (γc) of type I cytokine receptors, to elicit signals from the IL-2 receptor family, the IL-4 receptor family, the gp130 receptor family. It is also important for transducing a signal by type I (IFN-α/β) and type II (IFN-γ) interferons, and members of the IL-10 family via type II cytokine receptors. Jak1 plays a critical role in initiating responses to multiple major cytokine receptor families. Loss of Jak1 is lethal in neonatal mice, possibly due to difficulties suckling. Expression of JAK1 in cancer cells enables individual cells to contract, potentially allowing them to escape their tumor and metastasize to other parts of the body.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor</span> Protein-coding gene in humans

The granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor, also known as CD116, is a receptor for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, which stimulates the production of white blood cells. In contrast to M-CSF and G-CSF which are lineage specific, GM-CSF and its receptor play a role in earlier stages of development. The receptor is primarily located on neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes/macrophages, it is also on CD34+ progenitor cells (myeloblasts) and precursors for erythroid and megakaryocytic lineages, but only in the beginning of their development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SOCS3</span> Protein

Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SOCS3 gene. This gene encodes a member of the STAT-induced STAT inhibitor (SSI), also known as suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS), family. SSI family members are cytokine-inducible negative regulators of cytokine signaling.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CRKL</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Crk-like protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRKL gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STAT5A</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAT5A gene. STAT5A orthologs have been identified in several placentals for which complete genome data are available.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SOCS1 gene. SOCS1 orthologs have been identified in several mammals for which complete genome data are available.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">INPP5D</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase 1(SHIP1) is an enzyme with phosphatase activity. SHIP1 is structured by multiple domain and is encoded by the INPP5D gene in humans. SHIP1 is expressed predominantly by hematopoietic cells but also, for example, by osteoblasts and endothelial cells. This phosphatase is important for the regulation of cellular activation. Not only catalytic but also adaptor activities of this protein are involved in this process. Its movement from the cytosol to the cytoplasmic membrane, where predominantly performs its function, is mediated by tyrosine phosphorylation of the intracellular chains of cell surface receptors that SHIP1 binds. Insufficient regulation of SHIP1 leads to different pathologies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TEC (gene)</span> Human gene

Tyrosine-protein kinase Tec is a tyrosine kinase that in humans is encoded by the TEC gene. Tec kinase is expressed in hematopoietic, liver, and kidney cells and plays an important role in T-helper cell processes. Tec kinase is the name-giving member of the Tec kinase family, a family of non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Signal transducing adaptor molecule</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Signal transducing adapter molecule 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAM gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CISH (protein)</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CISH gene. CISH orthologs have been identified in most mammals with sequenced genomes. CISH controls T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, and variations of CISH with certain SNPs are associated with susceptibility to bacteremia, tuberculosis and malaria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STAT5B</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAT5B gene. STAT5B orthologs have been identified in most placentals for which complete genome data are available.

A non-receptor tyrosine kinase (nRTK) is a cytosolic enzyme that is responsible for catalysing the transfer of a phosphate group from a nucleoside triphosphate donor, such as ATP, to tyrosine residues in proteins. Non-receptor tyrosine kinases are a subgroup of protein family tyrosine kinases, enzymes that can transfer the phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine residue of a protein (phosphorylation). These enzymes regulate many cellular functions by switching on or switching off other enzymes in a cell.

References

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  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024789 – Ensembl, May 2017
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  8. ↑ Ungureanu D, Wu J, Pekkala T, Niranjan Y, Young C, Jensen ON, Xu CF, Neubert TA, Skoda RC, Hubbard SR, Silvennoinen O (August 2011). "The pseudokinase domain of JAK2 is a dual-specificity protein kinase that negatively regulates cytokine signaling". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 18 (9): 971–976. doi:10.1038/nsmb.2099. PMC   4504201 . PMID   21841788.
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  45. 1 2 Masuhara M, Sakamoto H, Matsumoto A, Suzuki R, Yasukawa H, Mitsui K, Wakioka T, Tanimura S, Sasaki A, Misawa H, Yokouchi M, Ohtsubo M, Yoshimura A (October 1997). "Cloning and characterization of novel CIS family genes". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 239 (2): 439–46. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.7484. PMID   9344848.
  46. 1 2 Barahmand-Pour F, Meinke A, Groner B, Decker T (May 1998). "Jak2-Stat5 interactions analyzed in yeast". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (20): 12567–75. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.20.12567 . PMID   9575217.
  47. 1 2 Fujitani Y, Hibi M, Fukada T, Takahashi-Tezuka M, Yoshida H, Yamaguchi T, Sugiyama K, Yamanaka Y, Nakajima K, Hirano T (February 1997). "An alternative pathway for STAT activation that is mediated by the direct interaction between JAK and STAT". Oncogene. 14 (7): 751–61. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1200907 . PMID   9047382.
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