Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are the high-affinity cell surface receptors for many polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and hormones. Of the 90 unique tyrosine kinase genes identified in the human genome, 58 encode receptor tyrosine kinase proteins. Receptor tyrosine kinases have been shown not only to be key regulators of normal cellular processes but also to have a critical role in the development and progression of many types of cancer. Mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases lead to activation of a series of signalling cascades which have numerous effects on protein expression. Receptor tyrosine kinases are part of the larger family of protein tyrosine kinases, encompassing the receptor tyrosine kinase proteins which contain a transmembrane domain, as well as the non-receptor tyrosine kinases which do not possess transmembrane domains.
The fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) are, as their name implies, receptors that bind to members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of proteins. Some of these receptors are involved in pathological conditions. For example, a point mutation in FGFR3 can lead to achondroplasia.
Adapter molecule crk also known as proto-oncogene c-Crk is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRK gene.
The related to receptor tyrosine kinase (RYK) gene encodes the protein Ryk.
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), also known as basic fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, fms-related tyrosine kinase-2 / Pfeiffer syndrome, and CD331, is a receptor tyrosine kinase whose ligands are specific members of the fibroblast growth factor family. FGFR1 has been shown to be associated with Pfeiffer syndrome, and clonal eosinophilias.
Growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 also known as insulin receptor-binding protein Grb-IR is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRB10 gene.
Insulin receptor substrate 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRS2 gene.
Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FRS2 gene.
Growth arrest – specific 6, also known as GAS6, is a human gene coding for the GAS6 protein. It is similar to the Protein S with the same domain organization and 43% amino acid identity. It was originally found as a gene upregulated by growth arrested fibroblasts.
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 12 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPN12 gene.
Megakaryocyte-associated tyrosine-protein kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MATK gene.
Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP), also known as hepatocyte growth factor-like protein, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MST1 gene.
Tyrosine-protein kinase receptor TYRO3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TYRO3 gene.
Growth factor receptor-bound protein 14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRB14 gene.
Insulin receptor substrate 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRS4 gene.
Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FRS3 gene.
Fibroblast growth factor receptor-like 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGFRL1 gene.
Fibroblast growth factor 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGF6 gene.
Fms-related tyrosine kinase 4, also known as FLT4, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the FLT4 gene.
Kari Kustaa Alitalo is a Finnish MD and a medical researcher. He is a foreign associated member of the National Academy of Sciences of the US. He became famous for his discoveries of several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and the first growth factor capable of inducing lymphangiogenesis: vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C). In the years 1996–2007 he was Europe's second most cited author in the field of cell biology. Alitalo is currently serving as an Academy Professor for the Academy of Finland.
