CD27 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. [5] It is currently of interest to immunologists as a co-stimulatory immune checkpoint molecule, and is the target of an anti-cancer drug in clinical trials. [6]
CD27 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. [5] It is currently of interest to immunologists as a co-stimulatory immune checkpoint molecule, and is the target of an anti-cancer drug in clinical trials. [6]
During mouse embryonic development, specific (medium) expression levels of CD27 (in addition to high cKit, [7] [8] medium Gata2, [9] [10] [8] and high CD31 [8] expression levels) define the very first adult definitive hematopoietic stem cells generated in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region. [8] Furthermore, CD27 is expressed on both naïve and activated effector T cells as well as NK cells and activated B cells. [5] It is a type I transmembrane protein with cysteine-rich domains, but once T cells have become activated, a soluble form of CD27 can be shed. [5] [6]
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. [11] This receptor is required for generation and long-term maintenance of T cell immunity. It binds to ligand CD70, and plays a key role in regulating B-cell activation and immunoglobulin synthesis. [5]
When CD27 binds CD70, a signaling cascade leads to the differentiation and clonal expansion of T cells. [11] The cascade also results in improved survival and memory of cytotoxic T cells and increased production of certain cytokines. [12] This receptor transduces signals that lead to the activation of NF-κB and MAPK8/JNK. [11] Adaptor proteins TRAF2, TRAF3, and TRAF5 have been shown to mediate the signaling process of this receptor via ubiquitination. [5] [6] CD27-binding protein (SIVA), a proapoptotic protein, can bind to this receptor and is thought to play an important role in the apoptosis induced by this receptor. [13]
In murine γδ T cells its expression has been correlated with the secretion of IFNγ. [14]
Varlilumab is an IgG1 antibody that binds to CD27 and is an experimental cancer treatment. [6] This agonist antibody stimulates CD27 when it binds. [6] The drug is in early clinical trials and appears to stimulate T cells and increase production of cytokines such as interferon-gamma. [6] [11]
CD27 has been shown to interact with SIVA1, [15] TRAF2 [16] [17] and TRAF3. [16] [17]
Some mutations can decrease the expression of CD27. Three such mutations, C53Y, C96Y, and R107C, are located in the cysteine-rich domains of CD27. [5]
Tumor necrosis factor is an adipokine and a cytokine. TNF is a member of the TNF superfamily, which consists of various transmembrane proteins with a homologous TNF domain.
CD30, also known as TNFRSF8, is a cell membrane protein of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family and a tumor marker.
Cluster of differentiation 40, CD40 is a type I transmembrane protein found on antigen-presenting cells and is required for their activation. The binding of CD154 (CD40L) on TH cells to CD40 activates antigen presenting cells and induces a variety of downstream effects.
Co-stimulation is a secondary signal which immune cells rely on to activate an immune response in the presence of an antigen-presenting cell. In the case of T cells, two stimuli are required to fully activate their immune response. During the activation of lymphocytes, co-stimulation is often crucial to the development of an effective immune response. Co-stimulation is required in addition to the antigen-specific signal from their antigen receptors.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 4 (TNFRSF4), also known as CD134 and OX40 receptor, is a member of the TNFR-superfamily of receptors which is not constitutively expressed on resting naïve T cells, unlike CD28. OX40 is a secondary co-stimulatory immune checkpoint molecule, expressed after 24 to 72 hours following activation; its ligand, OX40L, is also not expressed on resting antigen presenting cells, but is following their activation. Expression of OX40 is dependent on full activation of the T cell; without CD28, expression of OX40 is delayed and of fourfold lower levels.
CD70 is a protein that in humans is encoded by CD70 gene. CD70 is also known as a ligand for CD27.
TNF receptor-associated factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRAF2 gene.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated DEATH domain protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRADD gene.
TNF receptor-associated factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRAF1 gene.
TNF receptor-associated factor 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRAF5 gene.
Lymphotoxin-alpha (LT-α) formerly known as tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-β) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LTA gene. Belonging to the hematopoietic cell line, LT-α exhibits anti-proliferative activity and causes the cellular destruction of tumor cell lines. As a cytotoxic protein, LT-α performs a variety of important roles in immune regulation depending on the form that it is secreted as. Unlike other members of the TNF superfamily, LT-α is only found as a soluble homotrimer, when found at the cell surface it is found only as a heterotrimer with LTβ.
CD69 is a human transmembrane C-Type lectin protein encoded by the CD69 gene. It is an early activation marker that is expressed in hematopoietic stem cells, T cells, and many other cell types in the immune system. It is also implicated in T cell differentiation as well as lymphocyte retention in lymphoid organs.
TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRAF3 gene.
LIGHT, also known as tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 14 (TNFSF14), is a secreted protein of the TNF superfamily. It is recognized by herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), as well as decoy receptor 3.
Herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14 (TNFRSF14), is a human cell surface receptor of the TNF-receptor superfamily.
Transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 13B (TNFRSF13B) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFRSF13B gene.
TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TANK gene.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 18 (TNFRSF18), also known as glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) or CD357. GITR is encoded and tnfrsf18 gene at chromosome 4 in mice. GITR is type I transmembrane protein and is described in 4 different isoforms. GITR human orthologue, also called activation-inducible TNFR family receptor (AITR), is encoded by the TNFRSF18 gene at chromosome 1.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1B (TNFRSF1B) and CD120b, is one of two membrane receptors that binds tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). Like its counterpart, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), the extracellular region of TNFR2 consists of four cysteine-rich domains which allow for binding to TNFα. TNFR1 and TNFR2 possess different functions when bound to TNFα due to differences in their intracellular structures, such as TNFR2 lacking a death domain (DD).
Act 1 adaptor protein is an essential intermediate in the interleukin-17 pathway. The IL-17 protein is a pro-inflammatory cytokine important for tissue inflammation in host defense against infection and in autoimmune disease. It is produced by the CD4 + T cells, in particular the Th17 cells. There are 6 subtypes of IL-17, from IL-17A to IL17-F, these subtypes have nearly identical structures. We know that the cytokines are interacting homotypically, but IL-17A and IL-17F are capable do perform heterotypic interaction too.
 | This membrane protein–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |